Overview
The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) is just beginning to unfold and take shape. Characterized by developments and breakthroughs in an array of emerging technologies (e.g., nanotechnology, artificial intelligence, blockchain, 3D printing, quantum computing, etc.), the 4IR – also known as Industry 4.0 – follows from three prior industrial revolutions (Schwab 2015):
- 1.
Steam power and mechanization of manufacturing and agriculture (eighteenth century)
- 2.
Electricity and mass production (early nineteenth century)
- 3.
Information technology and automation of routine manual and cognitive processes (second half of the twentieth century)
While the 4IR builds on digital technologies and platforms that arose in the Third Industrial Revolution, i.e., the “digital revolution,” this latest period of disruptive technological and social change is distinct and unprecedented in its “velocity, scope, and systems” impact (Schwab 2015). Technology is progressing at an accelerating rate,...
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Further Readings
Alkhalifah, A., Ng, A., Kayes, A. S. M., Chowdhury, J., Alazab, M., & Watters, P. (2019). A taxonomy of blockchain threats and vulnerabilities. Preprints.
Atat, R., Liu, L., Wu, J., Li, G., Ye, C., & Yang, Y. (2018). Big data meet cyber-physical systems: A panoramic survey. IEEE Access, 6, 73603–73636.
Hashem, I. A. T., Yaqoob, I., Anuar, N. B., Mokhtar, S., Gani, A., & Khan, S. U. (2015). The rise of “big data” on cloud computing: Review and open research issues. Information Systems, 47, 98–115.
Hurwitz, J., Kaufman, M., Bowles, A., Nugent, A., Kobielus, J. G., & Kowolenko, M. D. (2015). Cognitive computing and big data analytics. Indianapolis: Wiley.
Najafabadi, M. M., Villanustre, F., Khoshgoftaar, T. M., Seliya, N., Wald, R., & Muharemagic, E. (2015). Deep learning applications and challenges in big data analytics. Journal of Big Data, 2(1), 1.
Nelson, P. (2016). Just one autonomous car will use 4,000 GB of data/day. Networkworld. December 7, 2016. https://www.networkworld.com/article/3147892/one-autonomous-car-will-use-4000-gb-of-dataday.html. Accessed 1 Feb 2021.
Ochoa, S. F., Fortino, G., & Di Fatta, G. (2017). Cyber-physical systems, internet of things and big data. Future Generation Computer Systems, 75, 82–84.
Rose, K., Eldridge, S., & Chapin, L. (2015). The internet of things: An overview. The Internet Society (ISOC), 80, 1–50.
Schwab, K. (2015). The Fourth Industrial Revolution: What It Means and How to Respond. Retrieved from https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2015-12-12/fourth-industrial-revolution
Vajradhar, V. (2019). Benefits of cognitive technology. Medium. November 6, 2019. https://pvvajradhar.medium.com/benefits-of-cognitive-technology-c1bf35e4b103. Accessed 19 Jan 2021.
World Economic Forum. (2019). What the Fifth Industrial Revolution is and why it matters. https://europeansting.com/2019/05/16/what-the-fifth-industrial-revolution-is-and-why-it-matters/. Accessed 18 Jan 2021.
Xu, L. D., & Duan, L. (2019). Big data for cyber physical systems in industry 4.0: A survey. Enterprise Information Systems, 13(2), 148–169.
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Schintler, L.A. (2021). Fourth Industrial Revolution. In: Schintler, L.A., McNeely, C.L. (eds) Encyclopedia of Big Data. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32001-4_496-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32001-4_496-1
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Fourth Industrial Revolution- Published:
- 16 November 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32001-4_496-2
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Fourth Industrial Revolution- Published:
- 27 May 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32001-4_496-1