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Inflammatory Allied Conditions

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Musculoskeletal Ultrasonography in Rheumatic Diseases

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Abstract

Inflammatory allied conditions form an inhomogeneous group of rheumatic diseases affecting various anatomical structures. This wide spectrum of musculoskeletal conditions may represent a challenge to the treating doctor. Ultrasound (US) can be of help not only for the diagnosis of these conditions but also for differentiating the inflammatory from noninflammatory disorders.

Arteritis on US is characterized by vessel-wall thickening (halo), and US can serve as the first-line diagnostic tool in large-vessel vasculitis and polymyalgia rheumatica. On the other hand, although magnetic resonance imaging is currently the imaging modality of choice in diagnosing myositis, US can be used in daily clinical practice to evaluate these patients and to guide muscle biopsies. Whereas in fibromyalgia, there are conflicting data about the utility of US, and if used, it is mainly to exclude other causes of pain.

The diagnosis of regional pain remains puzzling and requires thorough knowledge of the anatomy and potential causes of regional pain. Dynamic examination, sonopalpation and comparison with contralateral side may be necessary for the correct diagnosis. On another front, US of the parasternal joints may help to identify patients with clinically silent inflammation of sternoclavicular joints, differentiate osteoarthritis from inflammatory as well as septic arthritis, and elucidate causes of pain and swelling of the anterior chest wall.

Conditions affecting temporomandibular joint (TMJ) may vary; however, they mainly include injuries, degenerative changes, and inflammatory arthropathies of the joints. US has been found useful for the assessment of the position of articular disc (internal derangement), joint effusion, and condylar alterations, whereas parenchymal inhomogeneity of major salivary glands was reported the most specific finding in Sjögren’s syndrome (SS). Therefore, US has been proposed as a promising replacement of sialography and minor salivary gland biopsy for the diagnostic criteria of the SS.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Rheumatology, Centro Hospitalar Cova da Beira, Covilhã, Portugal

    Margarida Alexandre Oliveira MD

  2. Department of Rheumatology, Wishaw General Hospital, Wishaw, UK

    Anna Ciechomska MD, PhD

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  1. Margarida Alexandre Oliveira MD
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  2. Anna Ciechomska MD, PhD
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Correspondence to Margarida Alexandre Oliveira MD .

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  1. Department of Rheumatology, Darent Valley Hospital, Dartford, United Kingdom

    Yasser El Miedany

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Oliveira, M., Ciechomska, A. (2015). Inflammatory Allied Conditions. In: El Miedany, Y. (eds) Musculoskeletal Ultrasonography in Rheumatic Diseases. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15723-8_12

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