Skip to main content

Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis

  • Chapter
Acute Cholecystitis

Abstract

Acute cholecystitis may develop at any time when gallstones are present. The likelihood of this disease developing appears to accelerate once symptoms develop. Acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) is now a well recognized complication of serious medical and surgical illnesses [1–3] and is being diagnosed more frequently in critically ill patients [4]. The mortality rate of AAC remains at least 30 % because of the potential obscurity of the diagnosis, the underlying illnesses of the affected patients, and because of the potential rapid progression of the disease to gangrenous cholecystitis and gallbladder perforation (~10 %) [5].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Gallbladder Survey Committee. Ohio Chapter, American College of Surgeons. 28,621 cholecystectomies in Ohio. Am J Surg. 1970;119:714–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Glenn F, Becker CG. Acute acalculous cholecystitis: an increasing entity. Ann Surg. 1982;195:131–6.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Treinen C, Lomelin D, Krause C, Goede M, Oleynikov D. Acute acalculous cholecystitis in the critically ill: risk factors and surgical strategies. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2014. doi:10.1007/s00423-014-1267-6.

  4. Kalliafas S, Ziegler DW, Flancbaum L, Choban S. Acute acalculous cholecystitis: incidence, risk factors, diagnosis, and outcome. Am Surg. 1998;64:471–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Barie PS, Fischer E. Acute acalculous cholecystitis. J Am Coll Surg. 1995;180:232–44.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Barie PS. Acalculous and postoperative cholecystitis. In: Barie PS, Shires GT, editors. Surgical intensive care. Boston: Little, Brown; 1993. p. 837–57.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Ouriel K, Green RM, Ricotta JJ, et al. Acute acalculous cholecystitis complicating abdominal aortic aneurysm resection. J Vasc Surg. 1984;1:646–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Hagino RT, Valentine RJ, Clagett GP. Acalculous cholecystitis after aortic reconstruction. J Am Coll Surg. 1997;184:245–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Cadot H, Addis MD, Faries PL, et al. Abdominal aortic aneurysmorrhaphy and cholelithiasis in the era of endovascular surgery. Am Surg. 2002;68:839–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Leitman IM, Paull DE, Barie PS, et al. Intraabdominal complications of cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1987;165:251–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Gately JF, Thomas EJ. Acute cholecystitis occurring as a complication of other diseases. Arch Surg. 1983;118:1137–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Fabian TC, Hickerson WL, Mangiante EC. Post-traumatic and postoperative acute cholecystitis. Am Surg. 1986;52:188–92.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Gu MG, Kim TN, Song J, Nam YJ, Lee JY, Park JS. Risk factors and therapeutic outcomes of acute acalculous cholecystitis. Digestion. 2014;90(2):75–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. McDermott MW, Scudamore CH, Boileau LO, et al. Acalculous cholecystitis: its role as a complication of major burn injury. Can J Surg. 1985;28:529–33.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Sanches BF, Martins T, Santos MJ, Azeredo P. Acute acalculous cholecystitis in a patient with juvenile dermatomyositis. BMJ Case Rep. 2014;19:2014.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Newcombe JP, Gray PE, Palasanthiran P, Snelling TL. Q Fever with transient antiphospholipid antibodies associated with cholecystitis and splenic infarction. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013;32(4):415–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Moolenaar W, Lamers CB. Cholesterol crystal embolization to liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Dig Dis Sci. 1996;41:1819–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Ryu JK, Ryu KH, Kim KH. Clinical features of acute acalculous cholecystitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2003;36:166–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Smith JP, Bodai BI. Empyema of the gallbladder-potential consequence of medical intensive care. Crit Care Med. 1982;10:451–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Ini K, Inada H, Satoh M, Tsunoda T. Hemorrhagic acalculous cholecystitis associated with hemodialysis. Surgery. 2002;132:903.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Chung-Park M, Kim B, Marmyola G, et al. Acalculous lymphoeosinophilic cholecystitis associated with interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer cell therapy. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1990;114:1073–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Lillemoe KD, Pitt HA, Kaufman SL, et al. Acute cholecystitis occurring as a complication of percutaneous transhepatic drainage. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1989;168:348–56.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Topeli A, Demiroglu H, Dundar S. Acalculous cholecystitis in patients with acute leukaemia. Br J Clin Pract. 1996;50:224–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Wiboltt KS, Jeffrey Jr JB. Acalculous cholecystitis in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. Eur J Surg. 1997;163:519–24.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Hiatt JR, Kobayashi MR, Doty JE, et al. Acalculous Candida cholecystitis: a complication of critical surgical illness. Am Surg. 1991;57:825–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Mandak JS, Pollack B, Fishman NO, et al. Acalculous candidal cholecystitis: a previously unrecognized complication after cardiac transplantation. Am J Gastroenterol. 1995;90:1333–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Baelen E, Roustan J. Leptospirosis associated with acute acalculous cholecystitis. Surgical or medical treatment? J Clin Gastroenterol. 1997;25:704–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Khan FY, Elouzi EB, Asif M. Acute acalculous cholecystitis complicating typhoid fever in an adult patient: a case report and review of the literature. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2009;7:203–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. McCarron B, Love WC. Acalculous nontyphoidal salmonellal cholecystitis requiring surgical intervention despite ciprofloxacin therapy: report of three cases. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;24:707–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. West BC, Silberman R, Otterson WN. Acalculous cholecystitis and septicemia caused by non-01 Vibrio cholerae: first reported case and review of biliary infections with Vibrio cholerae. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1998;30:187–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Vallejo EA. Acute tuberculous cholecystitis. Gastroenterology. 1950;16:501–4.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Abreu C, Santos L, Poínhos R, Sarmento A. Acute acalculous cholecystitis in malaria: a review of seven cases from an adult cohort. Infection. 2013;41(4):821–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Ashley D, Vade A, Challapali M. Brucellosis with acute acalculous cholecystitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000;19:1112–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Bhatty S, Shaikh N, Fatima M, Sumbhuani AK. Acute cholecystitis in dengue fever. J Pak Med Assoc. 2009;59:519–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Kuzu MA, Ozturk Y, Ozbek H, Soran A. Acalculous cholecystitis: ascariasis as an unusual cause. J Gastroenterol. 1996;31:747–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Mansour K. Acute cholecystitis with echinococcal cyst obstruction of the common bile duct. Postgrad Med J. 1963;39:542–3.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Sandblom P. Hemorrhage into the biliary tract following trauma: “Traumatic hemobilia”. Surgery. 1948;24:571–86.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Lin SL, Shank M, Hung YB, et al. Choledochal cyst associated with acute acalculous cholecystitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2000;31:307–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Savoye G, Michel P, Hochain P, et al. Fatal acalculous cholecystitis after photodynamic therapy for high-grade dysplasia of the major duodenal papilla. Gastrointest Endosc. 2000;51:493–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Cello JP. AIDS cholangiopathy: spectrum of disease. Am J Med. 1989;86:539–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Senthilkumaran S, Menezes RG, Pant S, Thirumalaikolundusubramanian P. Acute acalculous cholecystitis: a rare complication of snake bite. Wilderness Environ Med. 2013;24(3):277–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Kim JH, Go J, Cho CR, Kim JI, Lee MS, Park SC. First report of human acute acalculous cholecystitis caused by the fish pathogen Lactococcus garvieae. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(2):712–4.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Keshavjee SH, Magee LA, Mullen BJ. Acalculous cholecystitis associated with cytomegalovirus and sclerosing cholangitis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Can J Surg. 1993;36:321–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Gagneux-Brunon A, Suy F, Pouvaret A, Pillet S, Tarantino E, Bouchet D, Fresard A, Cazorla C, Guglielminotti C, Lucht F, Botelho-Nevers E. Acute acalculous cholecystitis, a rare complication of Epstein-Barr virus primary infection: report of two cases and review. J Clin Virol. 2014;61(1):173–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. French AL, Beaudet LM, Benator DA, et al. Cholecystectomy in patients with AIDS: clinicopathologic correlations in 107 cases. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;21:852–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Zar FA, El-Bayouni E, Yungbluth MM. Histologic proof of acalculous cholecystitis due to Cyclospora cayetanesis. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:E140–1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Tsakayannis DE, Kozakewich HP, Lillehei CW. Acalculous cholecystitis in children. J Pediatr Surg. 1996;31:127–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Imamoglu M, Sarrhan H, Sari A, Ahmetoglu A. Acute acalculous cholecystitis in children: diagnosis and treatment. J Pediatr Surg. 2002;37:36–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Parithivel VS, Gerst PH, Banerjee S, et al. Acute acalculous cholecystitis in young patients without predisposing factors. Am Surg. 1999;65:366–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Wagner DE, Elliot DW, Endahl GL, et al. Specific pancreatic enzymes in the etiology of acute cholecystitis. Surgery. 1962;52:259–65.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Parkman HP, James AN, Bogar LJ, et al. Effect of acalculous cholecystitis on gallbladder neuromuscular transmission and contractility. J Surg Res. 2000;88:186–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Johnson EE, Hedley-White J. Continuous positive-pressure ventilation and choledochoduodenal flow resistance. J Appl Physiol. 1975;39:937–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Niderheiser DH. Acute acalculous cholecystitis induced by lysophosphatidyl choline. Am J Pathol. 1986;124:559–63.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Kouromalis E, Hopwood D, Ross PE, et al. Gallbladder epithelial acid hydrolases in human cholecystitis. J Pathol. 1983;139:179–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Lin KY-K. Acute acalculous cholecystitis: a limited review of the literature. Mt Sinai J Med. 1986;53:305–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Roslyn JJ, Pitt HA, Mann LL, et al. Gallbladder disease in patients on long-term parenteral nutrition. Gastroenterology. 1983;84:148–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Messing B, Bories C, Kuntslinger F, et al. Does total parenteral nutrition induce gallbladder sludge formation and lithiasis? Gastroenterology. 1983;84:1012–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Merrill RC, Miller-Crotchett P, Lowry P. Gallbladder response to enteral lipids in injured patients. Arch Surg. 1989;124:301–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Orlando R, Gleason E, Drezner AD. Acute acalculous cholecystitis in the critically ill patient. Am J Surg. 1983;145:472–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Taoka H. Experimental study on the pathogenesis of acute acalculous cholecystitis, with special reference to the roles of microcirculatory disturbances, free radicals and membrane-bound phospholipase A2. Gastroenterol Jpn. 1991;26:633–44.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Hakala T, Nuuiten PJ, Ruokonen ET, Alhava E. Microangiopathy in acute acalculous cholecystitis. Br J Surg. 1997;84:1249–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Cullen JJ, Maes EB, Aggarwal S, et al. Effect of endotoxin on opossum gallbladder motility: a model of acalculous cholecystitis. Ann Surg. 2000;232:202–7.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Kaminski DL, Feinstein WK, Deshpande YG. The production of experimental cholecystitis by endotoxin. Prostaglandins. 1994;47:233–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Kaminski DL, Amir G, Deshpande YG, et al. Studies on the etiology of acute acalculous cholecystitis: the effect of lipopolysaccharide on human gallbladder mucosal cells. Prostaglandins. 1994;47:319–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Ratnoff OD, Crum JD. Activation of Hageman factor by solutions of ellagic acid. J Lab Clin Med. 1964;63:359–77.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Rehman T, Deboisblanc BP. Persistent fever in the ICU. Chest. 2014;145(1):158–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Trowbridge RL, Rutkowski NK, Shojania KG. Does this patient have acute cholecystitis? JAMA. 2003;289:80–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Milone M, Musella M, Maietta P, Guadioso D, Pisapia A, Coretti G, De Palma G, Milone F. Acute acalculous cholecystitis determining Mirizzi syndrome: case report and literature review. BMC Surg. 2014;14:90.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Kiewiet JJ, Leeuwenburgh MM, Bipat S, Bossuyt PM, Stoker J, Boermeester MA. A systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic performance of imaging in acute cholecystitis. Radiology. 2012;264(3):708–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Deitch EA, Engel JM. Ultrasound in elective biliary tract surgery. Am J Surg. 1980;140:277–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Deitch EA, Engel JM. Ultrasonic detection of acute cholecystitis with pericholecystic abscess. Am Surg. 1981;47:211–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Puc MM, Tran HS, Wry PW, Ross SE. Ultrasound is not a useful screening tool for acute acalculous cholecystitis in critically ill trauma patients. Am Surg. 2002;68:65–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Ziessman HA. Hepatobiliary scintigraphy in 2014. J Nucl Med Technol. 2014;42(4):249–59.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Ohrt HJ, Posalaky IP, Shafer RB. Normal gallbladder cholescintigraphy in acute cholecystitis. Clin Nucl Med. 1983;8:97–100.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Shuman WP, Roger JV, Rudd TG, et al. Low sensitivity of sonography and cholescintigraphy in acalculous cholecystitis. AJR. 1984;142:531–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Flancbaum L, Choban PS, Sinha R, Jonasson O. Morphine cholescintigraphy in the evaluation of hospitalized patients with suspected acute cholecystitis. Ann Surg. 1994;220:25–31.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Krishnamurthy S, Krishnamurthy GT. Cholecystokinin and morphine pharmacological intervention during 99mTc-HIDA cholescintigraphy: a rational approach. Semin Nucl Med. 1996;26:16–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Mariat G, Makul P, Prevot N, et al. Contribution of ultrasonography for the diagnosis of acute acalculous cholecystitis in intensive care patients. Intensive Care Med. 2000;26:1658–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Mirvis SE, Whitley NN, Miller JW. CT diagnosis of acalculous cholecystitis. J Comput Assist Tomog. 1987;11:83–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Cornwell III EE, Rodriguez A, Mirvis SE, et al. Acute acalculous cholecystitis in critically injured patients. Preoperative diagnostic imaging. Ann Surg. 1989;210:52–5.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Mirvis SE, Vainright JR, Nelson AW, et al. The diagnosis of acute acalculous cholecystitis: a comparison of sonography, scintigraphy, and CT. AJR. 1986;147:1171–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Yang HK, Hodgson WJ. Laparoscopic cholecystostomy for acute acalculous cholecystitis. Surg Endosc. 1996;10:673–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Almeida J, Sleeman D, Sosa JL, et al. Acalculous cholecystitis: the use of diagnostic laparoscopy. J Laparoendosc Surg. 1995;5:227–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Brandt CP, Preibe PP, Jacobs DG. Value of laparoscopy in trauma ICU patients with suspected acute cholecystitis. Surg Endosc. 1994;8:361–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Ceribelli C, Adami EA, Mattia S, Benini B. Bedside diagnostic laparoscopy for critically ill patients: a retrospective study of 62 patients. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(12):3612–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Granlund A, Karlson BM, Elvin A, Rasmussen I. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous cholecystostomy in high-risk surgical patients. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2001;386:212–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Davis CA, Landercasper J, Gundersen LH, Lambert PJ. Effective use of percutaneous cholecystostomy in high-risk surgical patients: techniques, tube management, and results. Arch Surg. 1999;134:727–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Simorov A, Ranade A, Parcells J, Shaligram A, Shostrom V, Boilesen E, Goede M, Oleynikov D. Emergent cholecystostomy is superior to open cholecystectomy in extremely ill patients with acalculous cholecystitis: a large multicenter outcome study. Am J Surg. 2013;206(6):935–40; discussion 940–1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Joseph T, Unver K, Hwang GL, Rosenberg J, Sze DY, Hashimi S, Kothary N, Louie JD, Kuo WT, Hofmann LV, Hovsepian DM. Percutaneous cholecystostomy for acute cholecystitis: ten-year experience. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2012;23(1):83–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Zerem E, Omerović S. Can percutaneous cholecystostomy be a definitive management for both acute calculous and acalculous cholecystitis? J Clin Gastroenterol. 2012;46(3):251.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Lo LD, Vogelzang RL, Braun MA, Nemcek AA. Percutaneous cholecystostomy for the diagnosis and treatment of acute calculous and acalculous cholecystitis. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1995;6:629–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. McLoughlin RF, Patterson EJ, Mathieson JR, et al. Radiologically guided percutaneous cholecystostomy for acute cholecystitis: long-term outcome in 50 patients. Can Assoc Radiol J. 1994;45:455–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Shah SH, Webber JD. Spontaneous cystic duct perforation associated with acalculous cholecystitis. Am Surg. 2002;68:895–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Fujii H, Kubo S, Tokuhara T, et al. Acute acalculous cholecystitis complicated by penetration into the liver after coronary artery bypass grafting. Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1999;47:518–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Ishiwatari H, Jisai H, Kanisawa Y, et al. A case of secondary iliopsoas abscess induced by acalculous cholecystitis. Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi. 2002;99:985–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Elde J, Norbye B, Hartvett F. Fatal hemorrhage following atraumatic liver rupture secondary to postoperative perforation of the gallbladder. Acta Chir Scand. 1975;141:316–8.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Proia AD, Fetter BF, Woodard BH, et al. Fatal pulmonary bile embolism following acute acalculous cholecystitis. Arch Surg. 1986;121:1206–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Wagner DS, Flynn MA. Hemorrhagic acalculous cholecystitis causing acute pancreatitis after trauma. J Trauma. 1985;25:253–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Brady E, Welch JP. Acute hemorrhagic cholecystitis causing hemobilia and colonic necrosis. Dis Colon Rectum. 1985;28:185–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Ippolito RJ. Acute acalculous cholecystitis associated with common hepatic duct obstruction: a variant of Mirizzi’s syndrome. Conn Med. 1993;57:451–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Fry DE, Cox RA, Harbrecht PJ. Empyema of the gallbladder: a complication in the natural history of acute cholecystitis. Am J Surg. 1981;141:366–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Lai YC, Tarng DC. Hemorrhagic acalculous cholecystitis: an unusual location of uremic bleeding. J Chin Med Assoc. 2009;72:484–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Soumitra R. Eachempati M.D., F.A.C.S., F.C.C.M. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Barie, P.S., Eachempati, S.R. (2015). Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis. In: Eachempati, S., Reed, II, R. (eds) Acute Cholecystitis. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14824-3_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14824-3_15

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-14823-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-14824-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics