Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Contemporary Medical Imaging ((CMI))

  • 319 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter covers the gamut of intracranial venous issues, ranging from the most common entity—developmental venous anomalies—to the nonexistent: “chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency.”

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Lasjaunias P, Burrows P, Planet C. Developmental venous anomalies (DVA): the so-called venous angioma. Neurosurg Rev. 1986;9(3):233–42. (Review) (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3550523.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Rigamonti D, Spetzler RF, Medina M, Rigamonti K, Geckle DS, Pappas C. Cerebral venous malformations. J Neurosurg. 1990;73(4):560–4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2398388.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Sarwar M, McCormick WF. Intracerebral venous angioma. Case report and review. Arch Neurol. 1978;35(5):323–5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=646686.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Iizuka Y, Kakihara T, Suzuki M, Komura S, Azusawa H. Endovascular remodeling technique for vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations—angiographic confirmation of a connection between the median prosencephalic vein and the deep venous system. Journal of neurosurgery. Pediatrics. 2008;1(1):75–8. (Case Reports) (In eng). https://doi.org/10.3171/PED-08/01/075.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Topper R, Jurgens E, Reul J, Thron A. Clinical significance of intracranial developmental venous anomalies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999;67(2):234–8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10407000.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Okudera T, Huang YP, Fukusumi A, Nakamura Y, Hatazawa J, Uemura K. Micro-angiographical studies of the medullary venous system of the cerebral hemisphere. Neuropathology. 1999;19(1):93–111. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1789.1999.00215.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Rigamonti D, Spetzler RF, Drayer BP, et al. Appearance of venous malformations on magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosurg. 1988;69(4):535–9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2843614.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Dammann P, Wrede KH, Maderwald S, et al. The venous angioarchitecture of sporadic cerebral cavernous malformations: a susceptibility weighted imaging study at 7 T MRI. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013;84(2):194–200. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2012-302599.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Aoki R, Srivatanakul K. Developmental venous anomaly: benign or not benign. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2016;56(9):534–43. https://doi.org/10.2176/nmc.ra.2016-0030.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Iv M, Fischbein NJ, Zaharchuk G. Association of developmental venous anomalies with perfusion abnormalities on arterial spin labeling and bolus perfusion-weighted imaging. J Neuroimaging. 2015;25(2):243–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/jon.12119.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. San Millan Ruiz D, Delavelle J, Yilmaz H, et al. Parenchymal abnormalities associated with developmental venous anomalies. Neuroradiology. 2007;49(12):987–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00234-007-0279-0.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. McLaughlin MR, Kondziolka D, Flickinger JC, Lunsford S, Lunsford LD. The prospective natural history of cerebral venous malformations. Neurosurgery. 1998;43(2):195–200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9696070.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Pereira VM, Geibprasert S, Krings T, et al. Pathomechanisms of symptomatic developmental venous anomalies. Stroke. 2008;39(12):3201–15. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.521799.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Im SH, Han MH, Kwon BJ, et al. Venous-predominant parenchymal arteriovenous malformation: a rare subtype with a venous drainage pattern mimicking developmental venous anomaly. J Neurosurg. 2008;108(6):1142–7. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.3171/JNS/2008/108/6/1142.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Sundaram SK, Michelhaugh SK, Klinger NV, et al. GNAQ mutation in the venous vascular malformation and underlying brain tissue in Sturge-Weber syndrome. Neuropediatrics. 2017;48(5):385–9. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1603515.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Yallapragada AV, Cure JK, Holden KR. Sturge-Weber syndrome variant with atypical intracranial findings: case report. J Child Neurol. 2006;21(2):155–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/08830738060210020801.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Kasasbeh AS, Kalaria A, Comi AM, Lo W, Lin DDM. Atypical intracerebral developmental venous anomalies in Sturge-Weber syndrome: a case series and review of literature. Pediatr Neurol. 2020;104:54–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2019.08.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Voronovich ZA, Wolfe K, Foster K, Sorte D, Carlson AP. Restrictive cerebral cortical venopathy: a new clinicopathological entity. Interv Neuroradiol. 2019;25(3):322–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/1591019918821861.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Jenny B, Zerah M, Swift D, et al. Giant dural venous sinus ectasia in neonates. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2010;5(5):523–8. https://doi.org/10.3171/2009.12.PEDS0862.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Akers A, Al-Shahi Salman R, Awad IA, et al. Synopsis of guidelines for the clinical management of cerebral cavernous malformations: consensus recommendations based on systematic literature review by the Angioma Alliance Scientific Advisory Board Clinical Experts Panel. Neurosurgery. 2017;80(5):665–80. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuros/nyx091.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Otten P, Pizzolato GP, Rilliet B, Berney J. [131 cases of cavernous angioma (cavernomas) of the CNS, discovered by retrospective analysis of 24,535 autopsies]. Neurochirurgie 1989;35(2):82–3, 128–31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2674753.

  22. Del Curling O, Jr., Kelly DL, Jr., Elster AD, Craven TE. An analysis of the natural history of cavernous angiomas. J Neurosurg. 1991;75(5):702–8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1919691.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Robinson JR, Awad IA, Little JR. Natural history of the cavernous angioma. J Neurosurg. 1991;75(5):709–14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1919692.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Rigamonti D, Drayer BP, Johnson PC, Hadley MN, Zabramski J, Spetzler RF. The MRI appearance of cavernous malformations (angiomas). J Neurosurg. 1987;67(4):518–24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3655889.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Nimjee SM, Powers CJ, Bulsara KR. Review of the literature on de novo formation of cavernous malformations of the central nervous system after radiation therapy. Neurosurg Focus. 2006;21(1):e4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16859257.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Cutsforth-Gregory JK, Lanzino G, Link MJ, Brown RD Jr, Flemming KD. Characterization of radiation-induced cavernous malformations and comparison with a nonradiation cavernous malformation cohort. J Neurosurg. 2015;122(5):1214–22. https://doi.org/10.3171/2015.1.JNS141452.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Maraire JN, Awad IA. Intracranial cavernous malformations: lesion behavior and management strategies. Neurosurgery. 1995;37(4):591–605. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8559286.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Simard JM, Garcia-Bengochea F, Ballinger WE Jr, Mickle JP, Quisling RG. Cavernous angioma: a review of 126 collected and 12 new clinical cases. Neurosurgery. 1986;18(2):162–72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3960293.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Wong JH, Awad IA, Kim JH. Ultrastructural pathological features of cerebrovascular malformations: a preliminary report. Neurosurgery. 2000;46(6):1454–9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10834648.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Clatterbuck RE, Eberhart CG, Crain BJ, Rigamonti D. Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical evidence that an incompetent blood-brain barrier is related to the pathophysiology of cavernous malformations. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;71(2):188–92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11459890.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Gault J, Sarin H, Awadallah NA, Shenkar R, Awad IA. Pathobiology of human cerebrovascular malformations: basic mechanisms and clinical relevance. Neurosurgery. 2004;55(1):1–16; discussion 16–7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15214969.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Wurm G, Schnizer M, Fellner FA. Cerebral cavernous malformations associated with venous anomalies: surgical considerations. Neurosurgery. 2005;57(1 Suppl):42–58; discussion 42–58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15987569.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Porter RW, Detwiler PW, Spetzler RF, et al. Cavernous malformations of the brainstem: experience with 100 patients. J Neurosurg. 1999;90(1):50–8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10413155.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Porter RW, Detwiler PW, Spetzler RF. Infratentorial cavernous malformations. In: Winn HR, editor. Youmans neurological surgery. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2004. p. 2321–39.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Little JR, Awad IA, Jones SC, Ebrahim ZY. Vascular pressures and cortical blood flow in cavernous angioma of the brain. J Neurosurg. 1990;73(4):555–9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2398387.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Sasaki O, Tanaka R, Koike T, Koide A, Koizumi T, Ogawa H. Excision of cavernous angioma with preservation of coexisting venous angioma. Case report. J Neurosurg. 1991;75(3):461–4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1869949.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Perrini P, Lanzino G. The association of venous developmental anomalies and cavernous malformations: pathophysiological, diagnostic, and surgical considerations. Neurosurg Focus. 2006;21(1):e5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16859258.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Awad IA, Robinson JR Jr, Mohanty S, Estes ML. Mixed vascular malformations of the brain: clinical and pathogenetic considerations. Neurosurgery. 1993;33(2):179–88; discussion 188. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8367039.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Zabramski JM, Wascher TM, Spetzler RF, et al. The natural history of familial cavernous malformations: results of an ongoing study. J Neurosurg. 1994;80(3):422–32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8113854.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Brunereau L, Labauge P, Tournier-Lasserve E, Laberge S, Levy C, Houtteville J-P. Familial form of intracranial cavernous angioma: MR imaging Findings in 51 Families 1. Radiology. 2000;214(1):209–16. http://radiology.rsnajnls.org/cgi/content/abstract/214/1/209.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Johnson EW, Marchuk DA, Zabramski JM. The genetics of cerebral cavernous malformations. In: Winn HR, editor. Youmans neurological surgery. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2004. p. 2299–304.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Moriarity JL, Wetzel M, Clatterbuck RE, et al. The natural history of cavernous malformations: a prospective study of 68 patients. Neurosurgery. 1999;44(6):1166–71; discussion 1172–3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10371615.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Marchuk DA, Gallione CJ, Morrison LA, et al. A locus for cerebral cavernous malformations maps to chromosome 7q in two families. Genomics. 1995;28(2):311–4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8530042.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Plummer NW, Zawistowski JS, Marchuk DA. Genetics of cerebral cavernous malformations. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2005;5(5):391–6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16131422.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Gunel M, Awad IA, Finberg K, et al. A founder mutation as a cause of cerebral cavernous malformation in Hispanic Americans. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(15):946–51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8596595.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Craig HD, Gunel M, Cepeda O, et al. Multilocus linkage identifies two new loci for a mendelian form of stroke, cerebral cavernous malformation, at 7p15-13 and 3q25.2-27. Hum Mol Genet. 1998;7(12):1851–8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9811928.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Brunereau L, Leveque C, Bertrand P, et al. Familial form of cerebral cavernous malformations: evaluation of gradient-spin-echo (GRASE) imaging in lesion detection and characterization at 1.5 T. Neuroradiology. 2001;43(11):973–9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11760804.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Lehnhardt F-G, von Smekal U, Ruckriem B, et al. Value of gradient-echo magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of familial cerebral cavernous malformation. Arch Neurol. 2005;62(4):653–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.62.4.653.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Yun TJ, Na DG, Kwon BJ, et al. A T1 hyperintense perilesional signal aids in the differentiation of a cavernous angioma from other hemorrhagic masses. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29(3):494–500. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A0847.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Houtteville JP. Brain cavernoma: a dynamic lesion. Surg Neurol. 1997;48(6):610–4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9400644.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Rigamonti D, Hadley MN, Drayer BP, et al. Cerebral cavernous malformations. Incidence and familial occurrence. N Engl J Med. 1988;319(6):343–7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3393196.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Gross BA, Du R. Hemorrhage from cerebral cavernous malformations: a systematic pooled analysis. J Neurosurg. 2017;126(4):1079–87. https://doi.org/10.3171/2016.3.JNS152419.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Giombini S, Morello G. Cavernous angiomas of the brain. Account of fourteen personal cases and review of the literature. Acta Neurochir. 1978;40(1–2):61–82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=654971.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Katayama Y, Tsubokawa T, Maeda T, Yamamoto T. Surgical management of cavernous malformations of the third ventricle. J Neurosurg. 1994;80(1):64–72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8271024.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Pozzati E, Acciarri N, Tognetti F, Marliani F, Giangaspero F. Growth, subsequent bleeding, and de novo appearance of cerebral cavernous angiomas. Neurosurgery. 1996;38(4):662–9; discussion 669–70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8692382.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Flemming KD, Goodman BP, Meyer FB. Successful brainstem cavernous malformation resection after repeated hemorrhages during pregnancy. Surg Neurol. 2003;60(6):545–7; discussion 547–8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14670675.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Porter PJ, Willinsky RA, Harper W, Wallace MC. Cerebral cavernous malformations: natural history and prognosis after clinical deterioration with or without hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 1997;87(2):190–7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9254081.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Kalani MY, Zabramski JM. Risk for symptomatic hemorrhage of cerebral cavernous malformations during pregnancy. J Neurosurg. 2013;118(1):50–5. https://doi.org/10.3171/2012.8.JNS12241.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Clatterbuck RE, Moriarity JL, Elmaci I, Lee RR, Breiter SN, Rigamonti D. Dynamic nature of cavernous malformations: a prospective magnetic resonance imaging study with volumetric analysis. J Neurosurg. 2000;93(6):981–6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11117871.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Kim D-S, Park Y-G, Choi J-U, Chung S-S, Lee K-C. An analysis of the natural history of cavernous malformations. Surg Neurol. 1997;48(1):9–17. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TCB-3RHD40Y-4/2/37b152081c0c5c4291e76b1b6aa5353d.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Al-Holou WN, O’Lynnger TM, Pandey AS, et al. Natural history and imaging prevalence of cavernous malformations in children and young adults. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2012;9(2):198–205. https://doi.org/10.3171/2011.11.PEDS11390.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Moore SA, Brown RD Jr, Christianson TJ, Flemming KD. Long-term natural history of incidentally discovered cavernous malformations in a single-center cohort. J Neurosurg. 2014;120(5):1188–92. https://doi.org/10.3171/2014.1.JNS131619.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Kondziolka D, Lunsford LD, Kestle JR. The natural history of cerebral cavernous malformations. J Neurosurg. 1995;83(5):820–4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7472549.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Raychaudhuri R, Batjer HH, Awad IA. Intracranial cavernous angioma: a practical review of clinical and biological aspects. Surg Neurol. 2005;63(4):319–28; discussion 328. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15808709.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Vives KP, Gunel M, Awad IA. Surgical management of supratentorial cavernous malformations. In: Winn HR, editor. Youmans neurological surgery. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2004. p. 2305–19.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Awad I, Jabbour P. Cerebral cavernous malformations and epilepsy. Neurosurg Focus. 2006;21(1):e7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16859260.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Aiba T, Tanaka R, Koike T, Kameyama S, Takeda N, Komata T. Natural history of intracranial cavernous malformations. J Neurosurg. 1995;83(1):56–9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7782850.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Requena I, Arias M, Lopez-Ibor L, et al. Cavernomas of the central nervous system: clinical and neuroimaging manifestations in 47 patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1991;54(7):590–4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1895122.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Baumann CR, Acciarri N, Bertalanffy H, et al. Seizure outcome after resection of supratentorial cavernous malformations: a study of 168 patients. Epilepsia. 2007;48(3):559–63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17346251.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Dammann P, Wrede K, Jabbarli R, et al. Outcome after conservative management or surgical treatment for new-onset epilepsy in cerebral cavernous malformation. J Neurosurg. 2017;126(4):1303–11. https://doi.org/10.3171/2016.4.JNS1661.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Baumann CR, Schuknecht B, Lo Russo G, et al. Seizure outcome after resection of cavernous malformations is better when surrounding hemosiderin-stained brain also is removed. Epilepsia. 2006;47(3):563–6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16529622.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Weber JP, Silbergeld DL, Winn HR. Surgical resection of epileptogenic cortex associated with structural lesions. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 1993;4(2):327–36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8467218.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Bruneau M, Bijlenga P, Reverdin A, et al. Early surgery for brainstem cavernomas. Acta Neurochir. 2006;148(4):405–14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16311840.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Zausinger S, Yousry I, Brueckmann H, Schmid-Elsaesser R, Tonn JC. Cavernous malformations of the brainstem: three-dimensional-constructive interference in steady-state magnetic resonance imaging for improvement of surgical approach and clinical results. Neurosurgery. 2006;58(2):322–30; discussion 322–30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16462486.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Mathiesen T, Edner G, Kihlstrom L. Deep and brainstem cavernomas: a consecutive 8-year series. J Neurosurg. 2003;99(1):31–7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12854740.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Samii M, Eghbal R, Carvalho GA, Matthies C. Surgical management of brainstem cavernomas. J Neurosurg. 2001;95(5):825–32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11702873.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Brown AP, Thompson BG, Spetzler RF. The two-point method: evaluating brain stem lesions. BNI Q. 1996;12:20–4.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Kikuta K, Nozaki K, Takahashi JA, Miyamoto S, Kikuchi H, Hashimoto N. Postoperative evaluation of microsurgical resection for cavernous malformations of the brainstem. J Neurosurg. 2004;101(4):607–12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15481714.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Pozzati E, Zucchelli M, Marliani AF, Riccioli LA. Bleeding of a familial cerebral cavernous malformation after prophylactic anticoagulation therapy. Case report. Neurosurg Focus. 2006;21(1):e15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16859253.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Labauge P, Denier C, Bergametti F, Tournier-Lasserve E. Genetics of cavernous angiomas. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6(3):237–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70053-4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Flemming KD, Link MJ, Christianson TJ, Brown RD Jr. Use of antithrombotic agents in patients with intracerebral cavernous malformations. J Neurosurg. 2013;118(1):43–6. https://doi.org/10.3171/2012.8.JNS112050.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Schneble HM, Soumare A, Herve D, et al. Antithrombotic therapy and bleeding risk in a prospective cohort study of patients with cerebral cavernous malformations. Stroke. 2012;43(12):3196–9. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.668533.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Samaraskera N, Poorthuis M, Kontoh K, et al. Guidelines for the management of cerebral cavernous malformations in adults. Cavernoma Alliance UK. https://www.cavernoma.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/final-CCM-guidelines.pdf.

  84. Shih YH, Pan DH. Management of supratentorial cavernous malformations: craniotomy versus gammaknife radiosurgery. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2005;107(2):108–12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15708224.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Huang Y-C, Tseng C-K, Chang C-N, Wei K-C, Liao C-C, Hsu P-W. LINAC radiosurgery for intracranial cavernous malformation: 10-year experience. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2006;108(8):750–6. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T5F-4JYKMTK-1/2/440af801a6a1f8e71d5d7a1b300a6f33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Liscak R, Vladyka V, Simonova G, Vymazal J, Novotny J Jr. Gamma knife surgery of brain cavernous hemangiomas. J Neurosurg. 2005;102(Suppl):207–13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15662812.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Kim MS, Pyo SY, Jeong YG, Lee SI, Jung YT, Sim JH. Gamma knife surgery for intracranial cavernous hemangioma. J Neurosurg. 2005;102(Suppl):102–6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15662789.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Liu KD, Chung WY, Wu HM, et al. Gamma knife surgery for cavernous hemangiomas: an analysis of 125 patients. J Neurosurg. 2005;102(Suppl):81–6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15662786.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Hasegawa T, McInerney J, Kondziolka D, Lee JY, Flickinger JC, Lunsford LD. Long-term results after stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with cavernous malformations. Neurosurgery. 2002;50(6):1190–7; discussion 1197–8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12015835.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Zhang N, Pan L, Wang BJ, Wang EM, Dai JZ, Cai PW. Gamma knife radiosurgery for cavernous hemangiomas. J Neurosurg. 2000;93(Suppl 3):74–7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11143267.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Pollock BE, Garces YI, Stafford SL, Foote RL, Schomberg PJ, Link MJ. Stereotactic radiosurgery for cavernous malformations. J Neurosurg. 2000;93(6):987–91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11117872.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Regis J, Bartolomei F, Kida Y, et al. Radiosurgery for epilepsy associated with cavernous malformation: retrospective study in 49 patients. Neurosurgery. 2000;47(5):1091–7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11063101.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Mitchell P, Hodgson TJ, Seaman S, Kemeny AA, Forster DM. Stereotactic radiosurgery and the risk of haemorrhage from cavernous malformations. Br J Neurosurg. 2000;14(2):96–100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10889879.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Lu XY, Sun H, Xu JG, Li QY. Stereotactic radiosurgery of brainstem cavernous malformations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurosurg. 2014;120(4):982–7. https://doi.org/10.3171/2013.12.JNS13990.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Coffey RJ. Brainstem cavernomas. J Neurosurg. 2003;99(6):1116–7; author reply 1117. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14705749.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Gewirtz RJ, Steinberg GK, Crowley R, Levy RP. Pathological changes in surgically resected angiographically occult vascular malformations after radiation. Neurosurgery. 1998;42(4):738–42; discussion 742–3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9574637.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. McDonald DA, Shi C, Shenkar R, et al. Fasudil decreases lesion burden in a murine model of cerebral cavernous malformation disease. Stroke. 2012;43(2):571–4. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.625467.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Shenkar R, Shi C, Austin C, et al. RhoA Kinase Inhibition With Fasudil Versus Simvastatin in Murine Models of Cerebral Cavernous Malformations. Stroke. 2017;48(1):187–94. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.015013.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Yamashita S, Okita K, Harada K, et al. Giant cavernous hepatic hemangioma shrunk by use of sorafenib. Clin J Gastroenterol. 2013;6(1):55–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12328-012-0343-0.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Herter T, Brandt M, Szuwart U. Cavernous hemangiomas in children. Childs Nerv Syst. 1988;4(3):123–7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3396017.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Scott RM, Barnes P, Kupsky W, Adelman LS. Cavernous angiomas of the central nervous system in children. J Neurosurg. 1992;76(1):38–46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1727167.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Edwards M, Baumgartner J, Wilson C. Cavernous and other cryptic vascular malformations in the pediatric age group. In: Awad IA, Barrow DL, editors. Cavernous malformations. Park Ridge, IL: AANS; 1993. p. 163–83.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Gross BA, Du R, Orbach DB, Scott RM, Smith ER. The natural history of cerebral cavernous malformations in children. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2015:1–6. https://doi.org/10.3171/2015.2.PEDS14541.

  104. Amato MC, Madureira JF, Oliveira RS. Intracranial cavernous malformation in children: a single-centered experience with 30 consecutive cases. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2013;71(4):220–8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23588283.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Raybaud CA, Strother CM, Hald JK. Aneurysms of the vein of Galen: embryonic considerations and anatomical features relating to the pathogenesis of the malformation. Neuroradiology. 1989;31(2):109–28. (Review) (In eng) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2664553.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Gailloud P, O’Riordan DP, Burger I, Lehmann CU. Confirmation of communication between deep venous drainage and the vein of Galen after treatment of a vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation in an infant presenting with severe pulmonary hypertension. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2006;27(2):317–20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16484400.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Lasjaunias P. Vascular diseases in neonates, infants, and children: interventional neuroradiology management. Berlin: Springer Verlag; 1997.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  108. Gandolfo C, Krings T, Alvarez H, et al. Sinus pericranii: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations in 15 patients. Neuroradiology. 2007;49(6):505–14. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00234-007-0211-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Sadler LR, Tarr RW, Jungreis CA, Sekhar L. Sinus pericranii: CT and MR findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1990;14(1):124–7. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2298976.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Stromeyer L. Ueber sinus pericranii. Dtsch Klin 1850;2(160–161). (In German).

    Google Scholar 

  111. Mastin W. Venous blood tumors of the cranium in communication with the intracranial venous circulation, especially the sinuses of the dura mater. JAMA. 1886;7:309–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  112. Vinas FC, Valenzuela S, Zuleta A. Literature review: sinus pericranii. Neurol Res. 1994;16(6):471–4. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7708140.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Rangel-Castilla L, Krishna C, Klucznik R, Diaz O. Endovascular embolization with Onyx in the management of sinus pericranii: a case report. Neurosurg Focus. 2009;27(5):E13. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.3171/2009.8.FOCUS09170.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Bonioli E, Bellini C, Palmieri A, Fondelli MP, Tortori DP. Radiological case of the month. Sinus pericranii. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1994;148(6):607–8. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8193685.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Buxton N, Vloeberghs M, Sinus pericranii. Report of a case and review of the literature. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1999;30(2):96–9. (In eng).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Ernemann U, Lowenheim H, Freudenstein D, Koerbel A, Heininger A, Tatagiba M. Hemodynamic evaluation during balloon test occlusion of the sigmoid sinus: clinical and technical considerations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2005;26(1):179–82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15661723.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Cerqueira L, Reis FC. [Sinus pericranii and developmental venous anomalies: a frequent association]. Acta Med Port. 1995;8(4):239–42. (In por). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7625219.

  118. Gabikian P, Clatterbuck RE, Gailloud P, Rigamonti D. Developmental venous anomalies and sinus pericranii in the blue rubber-bleb nevus syndrome. Case report. J Neurosurg. 2003;99(2):409–11. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2003.99.2.0409.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Bollar A, Allut AG, Prieto A, Gelabert M, Becerra E. Sinus pericranii: radiological and etiopathological considerations. Case report. J Neurosurg. 1992;77(3):469–72. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1992.77.3.0469.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Courville CB, Rocovich PM. A contribution to the study of sinus pericranii (Stromeyer); report of case with some comments on pathology of the lesion. Bull Los Angel Neurol Soc. 1946;11(3–4):145–58. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20285700.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Kihara S, Koga H, Tabuchi K. [Traumatic sinus pericranii. Case report]. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1991;31(13):982–5. (In jpn).

    Google Scholar 

  122. Sawamura Y, Abe H, Sugimoto S, et al. [Histological classification and therapeutic problems of sinus pericranii]. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1987;27(8):762–8. (In jpn). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2451161.

  123. Kurosu A, Wachi A, Bando K, Kumami K, Naito S, Sato K. Craniosynostosis in the presence of a sinus pericranii: case report. Neurosurgery. 1994;34(6):1090–2; discussion 1092–3. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8084399.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Park SC, Kim SK, Cho BK, et al. Sinus pericranii in children: report of 16 patients and preoperative evaluation of surgical risk. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2009;4(6):536–42. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.3171/2009.7.PEDS0994.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Anegawa S, Hayashi T, Torigoe R, Nakagawa S, Ogasawara T. Sinus pericranii with severe symptom due to transient disorder of venous return—case report. Neurol Med Chir. 1991;31(5):287–9. (Case Reports) (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1717865.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Inci S, Turgut M, Saygi S, Ozdemir G. Sinus pericranii associated with epilepsy. Turk Neurosurg. 1996;6:21–4.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Carpenter JS, Rosen CL, Bailes JE, Gailloud P. Sinus pericranii: clinical and imaging findings in two cases of spontaneous partial thrombosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25(1):121–5. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14729540.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Rozen WM, Joseph S, Lo PA. Spontaneous involution of two sinus pericranii—a unique case and review of the literature. J Clin Neurosci. 2008;15(7):833–5. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2006.10.025.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Bigot JL, Iacona C, Lepreux A, Dhellemmes P, Motte J, Gomes H. Sinus pericranii: advantages of MR imaging. Pediatr Radiol. 2000;30(10):710–2. (Case Reports) (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11075608.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Sheu M, Fauteux G, Chang H, Taylor W, Stopa E, Robinson-Bostom L. Sinus pericranii: dermatologic considerations and literature review. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;46(6):934–41. (In eng).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Brook AL, Gold MM, Farinhas JM, Goodrich JT, Bello JA. Endovascular transvenous embolization of sinus pericranii. Case report. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2009;3(3):220–4. (Case Reports Review) (In eng). https://doi.org/10.3171/2008.10.PEDS08267.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Shaw WC. Folklore surrounding facial deformity and the origins of facial prejudice. Br J Plast Surg. 1981;34(3):237–46. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7272557.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Mulliken JB, Glowacki J. Hemangiomas and vascular malformations in infants and children: a classification based on endothelial characteristics. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1982;69(3):412–22. (Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t) (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7063565.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Donnelly LF, Adams DM, Bisset GS 3rd. Vascular malformations and hemangiomas: a practical approach in a multidisciplinary clinic. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2000;174(3):597–608. (Review) (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10701595.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Chung EM, Smirniotopoulos JG, Specht CS, Schroeder JW, Cube R. From the archives of the AFIP: pediatric orbit tumors and tumorlike lesions: nonosseous lesions of the extraocular orbit. Radiographics. 2007;27(6):1777–99. (Review) (In eng). https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.276075138.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Eifert S, Villavicencio JL, Kao TC, Taute BM, Rich NM. Prevalence of deep venous anomalies in congenital vascular malformations of venous predominance. J Vasc Surg. 2000;31(3):462–71. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10709058.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Podda S. Venous malformations. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1296303-overview.

  138. Puig S, Aref H, Chigot V, Bonin B, Brunelle F. Classification of venous malformations in children and implications for sclerotherapy. Pediatr Radiol. 2003;33(2):99–103. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-002-0838-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Bisdorff A, Mulliken JB, Carrico J, Robertson RL, Burrows PE. Intracranial vascular anomalies in patients with periorbital lymphatic and lymphaticovenous malformations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2007;28(2):335–41. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17297008.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Boon LM, Mulliken JB, Vikkula M, et al. Assignment of a locus for dominantly inherited venous malformations to chromosome 9p. Hum Mol Genet. 1994;3(9):1583–7. (Case Reports Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t Research Support, U.S. Gov’t, P.H.S.) (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7833915.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Klippel M, Trenaunay P. Du naevus variqueux osteohypertophique. Arch Gen Med. 1900;85:641–72.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Servelle M. Klippel and Trenaunay’s syndrome. 768 operated cases. Ann Surg. 1985;201(3):365–73. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2983626.

  143. Alomari AI, Orbach DB, Mulliken JB, et al. Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome and spinal arteriovenous malformations: an erroneous association. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2010;31(9):1608–12. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A2167.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Chhajed M, Pandit S, Dhawan N, Jain A. Klippel-Trenaunay and Sturge-Weber overlap syndrome with phakomatosis pigmentovascularis. J Pediatr Neurosci. 2010;5(2):138–40. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.4103/1817-1745.76113.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Gallione CJ, Pasyk KA, Boon LM, et al. A gene for familial venous malformations maps to chromosome 9p in a second large kindred. J Med Genet. 1995;32(3):197–9. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7783168.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Bilaniuk LT. Vascular lesions of the orbit in children. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2005;15(1):107–20. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nic.2005.03.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Deveikis JP. Percutaneous ethanol sclerotherapy for vascular malformations in the head and neck. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2005;7(5):322–5. (Comparative Study Review) (In eng). https://doi.org/10.1001/archfaci.7.5.322.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Wright JE, Sullivan TJ, Garner A, Wulc AE, Moseley IF. Orbital venous anomalies. Ophthalmology. 1997;104(6):905–13. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9186428.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Greene AK, Burrows PE, Smith L, Mulliken JB. Periorbital lymphatic malformation: clinical course and management in 42 patients. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;115(1):22–30. (In eng).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Baker LL, Dillon WP, Hieshima GB, Dowd CF, Frieden IJ. Hemangiomas and vascular malformations of the head and neck: MR characterization. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1993;14(2):307–14. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8456703.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Barnes PD, Burrows PE, Hoffer FA, Mulliken JB. Hemangiomas and vascular malformations of the head and neck: MR characterization. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1994;15(1):193–5. (Comment Letter) (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8141056.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Fordham LA, Chung CJ, Donnelly LF. Imaging of congenital vascular and lymphatic anomalies of the head and neck. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2000;10(1):117–36, viii. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10658158.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Marler JJ, Mulliken JB. Current management of hemangiomas and vascular malformations. Clin Plast Surg. 2005;32(1):99–116, ix. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cps.2004.10.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Hill RA, Pho RW, Kumar VP. Resection of vascular malformations. J Hand Surg Br. 1993;18(1):17–21. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8436852.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Legiehn GM, Heran MK. Venous malformations: classification, development, diagnosis, and interventional radiologic management. Radiol Clin N Am. 2008;46(3):545–97, vi. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcl.2008.02.008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Berenguer B, Burrows PE, Zurakowski D, Mulliken JB. Sclerotherapy of craniofacial venous malformations: complications and results. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;104(1):1–11; discussion 12-5. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10597669.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Puig S, Aref H, Brunelle F. Double-needle sclerotherapy of lymphangiomas and venous angiomas in children: a simple technique to prevent complications. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2003;180(5):1399–401. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12704058.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Mason KP, Michna E, Zurakowski D, Koka BV, Burrows PE. Serum ethanol levels in children and adults after ethanol embolization or sclerotherapy for vascular anomalies. Radiology. 2000;217(1):127–32. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11012433.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Spence J, Krings T, TerBrugge KG, Agid R. Percutaneous treatment of facial venous malformations: a matched comparison of alcohol and bleomycin sclerotherapy. Head Neck. 2011;33(1):125–30. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.21410.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Werner JA, Lippert BM, Hoffmann P, Rudert H. Nd: YAG laser therapy of voluminous hemangiomas and vascular malformations. Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 1995;49:75–80. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7653391.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Apfelberg DB. Intralesional laser photocoagulation-steroids as an adjunct to surgery for massive hemangiomas and vascular malformations. Ann Plast Surg. 1995;35(2):144–8; discussion 149. (In eng) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7486735.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Dandy WE. Intracranial pressure without brain tumor: diagnosis and treatment. Ann Surg. 1937;106(4):492–513. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17857053.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Smith JL. Whence pseudotumor cerebri? J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1985;5(1):55–6. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3156890.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Friedman DI, Jacobson DM. Diagnostic criteria for idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Neurology. 2002;59(10):1492–5. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12455560.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Karahalios DG, Rekate HL, Khayata MH, Apostolides PJ. Elevated intracranial venous pressure as a universal mechanism in pseudotumor cerebri of varying etiologies. Neurology. 1996;46(1):198–202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8559374.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Durcan FJ, Corbett JJ, Wall M. The incidence of pseudotumor cerebri. Population studies in Iowa and Louisiana. Arch Neurol. 1988;45(8):875–7. (In eng) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3395261.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Radhakrishnan K, Thacker AK, Bohlaga NH, Maloo JC, Gerryo SE. Epidemiology of idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a prospective and case-control study. J Neurol Sci. 1993;116(1):18–28. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8509801.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Radhakrishnan K, Ahlskog JE, Cross SA, Kurland LT, O’Fallon WM. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri). Descriptive epidemiology in Rochester, Minn, 1976 to 1990. Arch Neurol. 1993;50(1):78–80. (In eng) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8418804.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Bruce BB, Kedar S, Van Stavern GP, et al. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension in men. Neurology. 2009;72(4):304–9. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000333254.84120.f5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Kesler A, Fattal-Valevski A. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension in the pediatric population. J Child Neurol. 2002;17(10):745–8. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12546428.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Johnston I. The historical development of the pseudotumor concept. Neurosurg Focus. 2001;11(2):E2. (In eng).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Najjar MW, Azzam NI, Khalifa MA. Pseudotumor cerebri: disordered cerebrospinal fluid hydrodynamics with extra-axial CSF collections. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2005;41(4):212–5. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.1159/000086564.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Levine DN. Ventricular size in pseudotumor cerebri and the theory of impaired CSF absorption. J Neurol Sci. 2000;177(2):85–94. (In eng).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Bateman GA. Vascular hydraulics associated with idiopathic and secondary intracranial hypertension. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2002;23(7):1180–6. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12169478.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Bloomfield GL, Ridings PC, Blocher CR, Marmarou A, Sugerman HJ. A proposed relationship between increased intra-abdominal, intrathoracic, and intracranial pressure. Crit Care Med. 1997;25(3):496–503. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9118668.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Sugerman HJ, Felton IW 3rd, Sismanis A, et al. Continuous negative abdominal pressure device to treat pseudotumor cerebri. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25(4):486–90. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11319651.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Kesler A, Kliper E, Shenkerman G, Stern N. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is associated with lower body adiposity. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(1):169–74. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.06.030.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Farb RI, Vanek I, Scott JN, et al. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: the prevalence and morphology of sinovenous stenosis. Neurology. 2003;60(9):1418–24. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12743224.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Brazis PW. Pseudotumor cerebri. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2004;4(2):111–6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14984682.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Stienen A, Weinzierl M, Ludolph A, Tibussek D, Hausler M. Obstruction of cerebral venous sinus secondary to idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Eur J Neurol. 2008;15(12):1416–8. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02340.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. De Simone R, Marano E, Fiorillo C, et al. Sudden re-opening of collapsed transverse sinuses and longstanding clinical remission after a single lumbar puncture in a case of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Pathogenetic implications. Neurol Sci. 2005;25(6):342–4. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-004-0368-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Pickard JD, Czosnyka Z, Czosnyka M, Owler B, Higgins JN. Coupling of sagittal sinus pressure and cerebrospinal fluid pressure in idiopathic intracranial hypertension—a preliminary report. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2008;102:283–5. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19388330.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Bono F, Giliberto C, Mastrandrea C, et al. Transverse sinus stenoses persist after normalization of the CSF pressure in IIH. Neurology. 2005;65(7):1090–3. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000178889.63571.e5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Rohr A, Dorner L, Stingele R, Buhl R, Alfke K, Jansen O. Reversibility of venous sinus obstruction in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2007;28(4):656–9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17416816.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Wall M. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Neurol Clin. 2010;28(3):593–617. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncl.2010.03.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Sorensen PS, Krogsaa B, Gjerris F. Clinical course and prognosis of pseudotumor cerebri. A prospective study of 24 patients. Acta Neurol Scand. 1988;77(2):164–72. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3364156.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. Radhakrishnan K, Ahlskog JE, Garrity JA, Kurland LT. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Mayo Clin Proc. 1994;69(2):169–80. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8309269.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Degnan AJ, Levy LM. Narrowing of Meckel’s cave and cavernous sinus and enlargement of the optic nerve sheath in Pseudotumor Cerebri. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2011;35(2):308–12. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.1097/RCT.0b013e31820d7a70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Skau M, Brennum J, Gjerris F, Jensen R. What is new about idiopathic intracranial hypertension? An updated review of mechanism and treatment. Cephalalgia. 2006;26(4):384–99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16556239.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Sugerman HJ, Felton WL 3rd, Sismanis A, Kellum JM, DeMaria EJ, Sugerman EL. Gastric surgery for pseudotumor cerebri associated with severe obesity. Ann Surg. 1999;229(5):634–40; discussion 640–2. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10235521.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Higgins JN, Owler BK, Cousins C, Pickard JD. Venous sinus stenting for refractory benign intracranial hypertension. Lancet. 2002;359(9302):228–30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11812561.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Owler BK, Allan R, Parker G, Besser M. Pseudotumour cerebri, CSF rhinorrhoea and the role of venous sinus stenting in treatment. Br J Neurosurg. 2003;17(1):79–83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12779209.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Ogungbo B, Roy D, Gholkar A, Mendelow AD. Endovascular stenting of the transverse sinus in a patient presenting with benign intracranial hypertension. Br J Neurosurg. 2003;17(6):565–8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14756490.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Metellus P, Levrier O, Fuentes S, et al. [Endovascular treatment of benign intracranial hypertension by stent placement in the transverse sinus. Therapeutic and pathophysiological considerations illustrated by a case report]. Neurochirurgie. 2005;51(2):113–20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16107086.

  195. Bussiere M, Falero R, Nicolle D, Proulx A, Patel V, Pelz D. Unilateral transverse sinus stenting of patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2010;31(4):645–50. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A1890.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Feldon SE. Visual outcomes comparing surgical techniques for management of severe idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Neurosurg Focus. 2007;23(5):E6. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.3171/FOC-07/11/E6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Ahmed RM, Wilkinson M, Parker GD, et al. Transverse sinus stenting for idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a review of 52 patients and of model predictions. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2011. (In Eng).; https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A2575.

  198. Nicholson P, Brinjikji W, Radovanovic I, et al. Venous sinus stenting for idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurointerv Surg. 2019;11(4):380–5. https://doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2018-014172.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Garner RM, Aldridge JB, Wolfe SQ, Fargen KM. Quality of life, need for retreatment, and the re-equilibration phenomenon after venous sinus stenting for idiopathic intracranial hypertension. J Neurointerv Surg. 2021;13(1):79–85. https://doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2020-016124.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Cutforth R, Wiseman J, Sutherland RD. The genesis of the cervical venous hum. Am Heart J. 1970;80(4):488–92. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=5471210

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Cochran JH Jr, Kosmicki PW. Tinnitus as a presenting symptom in pernicious anemia. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1979;88(2 Pt 1):297. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=443725.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Biousse V, Newman NJ, Lessell S. Audible pulsatile tinnitus in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Neurology. 1998;50(4):1185–6. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9566427.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  203. Saitoh Y, Takeda N, Yagi R, Oshima K, Kubo T, Yoshimine T. Pneumocephalus causing pulsatile tinnitus. Case illustration. J Neurosurg. 2000;92(3):505. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2000.92.3.0505.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Adler JR, Ropper AH. Self-audible venous bruits and high jugular bulb. Arch Neurol. 1986;43(3):257–9. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3947273.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. Dietz RR, Davis WL, Harnsberger HR, Jacobs JM, Blatter DD. MR imaging and MR angiography in the evaluation of pulsatile tinnitus. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1994;15(5):879–89. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8059655.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  206. Ward PH, Babin R, Calcaterra TC, Konrad HR. Operative treatment of surgical lesions with objective tinnitus. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1975;84(4 Pt 1):473–82. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1155883.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  207. Buckwalter JA, Sasaki CT, Virapongse C, Kier EL, Bauman N. Pulsatile tinnitus arising from jugular megabulb deformity: a treatment rationale. Laryngoscope. 1983;93(12):1534–9. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=6645753.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  208. Lam BL, Schatz NJ, Glaser JS, Bowen BC. Pseudotumor cerebri from cranial venous obstruction. Ophthalmology. 1992;99(5):706–12. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1594215.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  209. Marks MP, Dake MD, Steinberg GK, Norbash AM, Lane B. Stent placement for arterial and venous cerebrovascular disease: preliminary experience. Radiology. 1994;191(2):441–6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8153318.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Zenteno M, Murillo-Bonilla L, Martinez S, et al. Endovascular treatment of a transverse-sigmoid sinus aneurysm presenting as pulsatile tinnitus. Case report. J Neurosurg. 2004;100(1):120–2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14743922.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  211. Herman JM, Spetzler RF, Bederson JB, Kurbat JM, Zabramski JM. Genesis of a dural arteriovenous malformation in a rat model. J Neurosurg. 1995;83(3):539–45. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1995.83.3.0539.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  212. Lawton MT, Jacobowitz R, Spetzler RF. Redefined role of angiogenesis in the pathogenesis of dural arteriovenous malformations. J Neurosurg. 1997;87(2):267–74. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1997.87.2.0267.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  213. Gerlach R, Boehm-Weigert M, Berkefeld J, et al. Thrombophilic risk factors in patients with cranial and spinal dural arteriovenous fistulae. Neurosurgery. 2008;63(4):693–8; discussion 698–9. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.1227/01.NEU.0000325730.77263.7E.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  214. Kraus JA, Stuper BK, Muller J, et al. Molecular analysis of thrombophilic risk factors in patients with dural arteriovenous fistulas. J Neurol. 2002;249(6):680–2. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-002-0690-8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  215. Saito A, Takahashi N, Furuno Y, et al. Multiple isolated sinus dural arteriovenous fistulas associated with antithrombin III deficiency—case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2008;48(10):455–9. (In eng).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  216. Ozawa T, Miyasaka Y, Tanaka R, Kurata A, Fujii K. Dural-pial arteriovenous malformation after sinus thrombosis. Stroke. 1998;29(8):1721–4. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9707217.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  217. Lasjaunias P, Chiu M, ter Brugge K, Tolia A, Hurth M, Bernstein M. Neurological manifestations of intracranial dural arteriovenous malformations. J Neurosurg. 1986;64(5):724–30. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1986.64.5.0724.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  218. Hademenos GJ, Massoud TF. Risk of intracranial arteriovenous malformation rupture due to venous drainage impairment. A theoretical analysis. Stroke. 1996;27(6):1072–83. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8650717.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  219. Troffkin NA, Graham CB 3rd, Berkmen T, Wakhloo AK. Combined transvenous and transarterial embolization of a tentorial-incisural dural arteriovenous malformation followed by primary stent placement in the associated stenotic straight sinus. Case report. J Neurosurg. 2003;99(3):579–83. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2003.99.3.0579.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  220. Liebig T, Henkes H, Brew S, Miloslavski E, Kirsch M, Kuhne D. Reconstructive treatment of dural arteriovenous fistulas of the transverse and sigmoid sinus: transvenous angioplasty and stent deployment. Neuroradiology. 2005;47(7):543–51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15906020.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  221. Challa VR, Moody DM, Brown WR. Vascular malformations of the central nervous system. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1995;54(5):609–21. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7666048.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  222. Song JK, Patel AB, Duckwiler GR, et al. Adult pial arteriovenous fistula and superior sagittal sinus stenosis: angiographic evidence for high-flow venopathy at an atypical location. Case report. J Neurosurg. 2002;96(4):792–5. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2002.96.4.0792.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  223. Dorne H, Zaidat OO, Fiorella D, et al. Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency and the doubtful promise of an endovascular treatment for multiple sclerosis. J NeuroIntervent Surg. 2010;2:309–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  224. Zamboni P, Galeotti R, Menegatti E, et al. Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009;80(4):392–9. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2008.157164.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  225. Zivadinov R, Schirda C, Dwyer MG, et al. Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency and iron deposition on susceptibility-weighted imaging in patients with multiple sclerosis: a pilot case-control study. Int Angiol. 2010;29(2):158–75. (In eng).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  226. Zamboni P, Galeotti R, Menegatti E, et al. A prospective open-label study of endovascular treatment of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency. J Vasc Surg. 2009;50(6):–1348, 58. e1–3. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2009.07.096.

  227. Moisse K. Multiple scerosis: studies probe role of clogged neck veins. http://abcnews.go.com/Health/MindMoodNews/multiple-sclerosis-studies-probe-role-clogged-neck-veins/story?id=13374572.

  228. Sundstrom P, Wahlin A, Ambarki K, Birgander R, Eklund A, Malm J. Venous and cerebrospinal fluid flow in multiple sclerosis: a case-control study. Ann Neurol. 2010;68(2):255–9. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.22132.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  229. Doepp F, Paul F, Valdueza JM, Schmierer K, Schreiber SJ. No cerebrocervical venous congestion in patients with multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2010;68(2):173–83. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.22085.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  230. Yamout B, Herlopian A, Issa Z, et al. Extracranial venous stenosis is an unlikely cause of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2010;16(11):1341–8. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458510385268.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  231. Baracchini C, Perini P, Calabrese M, Causin F, Rinaldi F, Gallo P. No evidence of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency at multiple sclerosis onset. Ann Neurol. 2011;69(1):90–9. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.22228.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  232. Costello F, Modi J, Lautner D, et al. Validity of the diagnostic criteria for chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency and association with multiple sclerosis. CMAJ. 2014;186(11):E418–26. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.131431.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  233. Compston A, Coles A. Multiple sclerosis. Lancet. 2008;372(9648):1502–17. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61620-7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  234. Thapar A, Lane TR, Pandey V, et al. Internal jugular thrombosis post venoplasty for chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency. Phlebology. 2011. (In Eng). https://doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2011.011052.

  235. Khan O, Filippi M, Freedman MS, et al. Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency and multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2010;67(3):286–90. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.22001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  236. Siddiqui AH, Zivadinov R, Benedict RH, et al. Prospective randomized trial of venous angioplasty in MS (PREMiSe). Neurology. 2014;83(5):441–9. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000000638.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  237. Bourdette DN, Cohen JA. Venous angioplasty for “CCSVI” in multiple sclerosis: ending a therapeutic misadventure. Neurology. 2014;83(5):388–9. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000000651.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  238. Silvis SM, de Sousa DA, Ferro JM, Coutinho JM. Cerebral venous thrombosis. Nat Rev Neurol. 2017;13(9):555–65. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2017.104.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  239. Otite FO, Patel S, Sharma R, et al. Trends in incidence and epidemiologic characteristics of cerebral venous thrombosis in the United States. Neurology. 2020;95(16):e2200–13. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000010598.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  240. Coutinho JM, Zuurbier SM, Aramideh M, Stam J. The incidence of cerebral venous thrombosis: a cross-sectional study. Stroke. 2012;43(12):3375–7. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.671453.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  241. Devasagayam S, Wyatt B, Leyden J, Kleinig T. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis incidence is higher than previously thought: a retrospective population-based study. Stroke. 2016;47(9):2180–2. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.013617.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  242. Stam J. Thrombosis of the cerebral veins and sinuses. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(17):1791–8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15858188.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  243. Bousser MG, Ferro JM. Cerebral venous thrombosis: an update. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6(2):162–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70029-7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  244. Maqueda VM, Thijs V. Risk of thromboembolism after cerebral venous thrombosis. Eur J Neurol. 2006;13(3):302–5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16618351.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  245. Siudut J, Swiat M, Undas A. Altered fibrin clot properties in patients with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: association with the risk of recurrence. Stroke. 2015;46(9):2665–8. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.009528.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  246. Martinelli I, Sacchi E, Landi G, Taioli E, Duca F, Mannucci PM. High risk of cerebral-vein thrombosis in carriers of a prothrombin-gene mutation and in users of oral contraceptives. N Engl J Med. 1998;338(25):1793–7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9632445.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  247. de Bruijn SF, Stam J, Koopman MM, Vandenbroucke JP. Case-control study of risk of cerebral sinus thrombosis in oral contraceptive users and in [correction of who are] carriers of hereditary prothrombotic conditions. The Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis Study Group. BMJ. 1998;316(7131):589–92. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9518910.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  248. Arxer A, Pardina B, Blas I, Ramio L, Villalonga A. Dural sinus thrombosis in a late preeclamptic woman. Can J Anaesth. 2004;51(10):1050–1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15574564.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  249. Wysokinska EM, Wysokinski WE, Brown RD, et al. Thrombophilia differences in cerebral venous sinus and lower extremity deep venous thrombosis. Neurology. 2008;70(8):627–33. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000297195.97325.a8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  250. Zapanta PE, Chi DH, Faust RA. A unique case of Bezold’s abscess associated with multiple dural sinus thromboses. Laryngoscope. 2001;111(11 Pt 1):1944–8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11801974.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  251. Ferro JM, Canhao P, Stam J, Bousser MG, Barinagarrementeria F. Prognosis of cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis: results of the International Study on Cerebral Vein and Dural Sinus Thrombosis (ISCVT). Stroke. 2004;35(3):664–70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14976332.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  252. Ciccone A, Canhao P, Falcao F, Ferro JM, Sterzi R. Thrombolysis for cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(1):CD003693. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14974030.

  253. Ferro JM, Lopes MG, Rosas MJ, Fontes J. Delay in hospital admission of patients with cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2005;19(3):152–6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15644627.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  254. Lenz RA, Saver J. Venous sinus thrombosis in a patient taking thalidomide. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2004;18(2):175–7. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.1159/000079739.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  255. Masjuan J, Pardo J, Callejo JM, Andres MT, Alvarez-Cermeno JC. Tamoxifen: a new risk factor for cerebral sinus thrombosis. Neurology. 2004;62(2):334–5. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14745086.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  256. Finelli PF, Carley MD. Cerebral venous thrombosis associated with epoetin alfa therapy. Arch Neurol. 2000;57(2):260–2. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10681086.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  257. Guimaraes J, Azevedo E. Phytoestrogens as a risk factor for cerebral sinus thrombosis. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2005;20(2):137–8. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.1159/000086805.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  258. Nakase H, Shin Y, Nakagawa I, Kimura R, Sakaki T. Clinical features of postoperative cerebral venous infarction. Acta Neurochir. 2005;147(6):621–6; discussion 626. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15770350.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  259. Emir M, Ozisik K, Cagli K, Bakuy V, Ozisik P, Sener E. Dural sinus thrombosis after cardiopulmonary bypass. Perfusion. 2004;19(2):133–5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15162929.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  260. Berroir S, Grabli D, Heran F, Bakouche P, Bousser MG. Cerebral sinus venous thrombosis in two patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2004;17(1):9–12. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.1159/000073892.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  261. Yoon KW, Cho MK, Kim YJ, Lee SK. Sinus thrombosis in a patient with intracranial hypotension: a suggested hypothesis of venous stasis. A case report. Interv Neuroradiol. 2011;17(2):248–51. (In eng).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  262. Miglis MG, Levine DN. Intracranial venous thrombosis after placement of a lumbar drain. Neurocrit Care. 2010;12(1):83–7. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-009-9278-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  263. De Cruz P, Lust M, Trost N, Wall A, Gerraty R, Connell WR. Cerebral venous thrombosis associated with ulcerative colitis. Intern Med J. 2008;38(11):865–7. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-5994.2008.01749.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  264. Skaiaa SC, Stave H. Recurrent sagittal sinus thrombosis occurring at high altitude during expeditions to Cho Oyu. Wilderness Environ Med. 2006;17(2):132–6. (In eng). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16805150.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  265. Tan M, Deveber G, Shroff M, et al. Sagittal sinus compression is associated with neonatal cerebral sinovenous thrombosis. Pediatrics. 2011;128(2):e429–35. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-3896.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  266. Coutinho JM, Zuurbier SM, Gaartman AE, et al. Association between anemia and cerebral venous thrombosis: case-control study. Stroke. 2015;46(10):2735–40. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.009843.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  267. Marjot T, Yadav S, Hasan N, Bentley P, Sharma P. Genes associated with adult cerebral venous thrombosis. Stroke. 2011;42(4):913–8. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.602672.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  268. Cotlarciuc I, Marjot T, Khan MS, et al. Towards the genetic basis of cerebral venous thrombosis-the BEAST Consortium: a study protocol. BMJ Open. 2016;6(11):e012351. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012351.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  269. Oppenheim C, Domigo V, Gauvrit JY, et al. Subarachnoid hemorrhage as the initial presentation of dural sinus thrombosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2005;26(3):614–7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15760875.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  270. Spitzer C, Mull M, Rohde V, Kosinski CM. Non-traumatic cortical subarachnoid haemorrhage: diagnostic work-up and aetiological background. Neuroradiology. 2005;47(7):525–31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15971064.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  271. Chik Y, Gottesman RF, Zeiler SR, Rosenberg J, Llinas RH. Differentiation of transverse sinus thrombosis from congenitally atretic cerebral transverse sinus with CT. Stroke. 2012;43(7):1968–70. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.656124.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  272. Singh R, Cope WP, Zhou Z, De Witt ME, Boockvar JA, Tsiouris AJ. Isolated cortical vein thrombosis: case series. J Neurosurg. 2015;123(2):427–33. https://doi.org/10.3171/2014.9.JNS141813.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  273. Yang Q, Duan J, Fan Z, et al. Early detection and quantification of cerebral venous thrombosis by magnetic resonance black-blood thrombus imaging. Stroke. 2016;47(2):404–9. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.011369.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  274. Lee DJ, Ahmadpour A, Binyamin T, Dahlin BC, Shahlaie K, Waldau B. Management and outcome of spontaneous cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in a 5-year consecutive single-institution cohort. J Neurointerv Surg. 2017;9(1):34–8. https://doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2015-012237.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  275. Ritchey Z, Hollatz AL, Weitzenkamp D, et al. Pediatric cortical vein thrombosis: frequency and association with venous infarction. Stroke. 2016;47(3):866–8. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.011291.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  276. Coutinho JM, Gerritsma JJ, Zuurbier SM, Stam J. Isolated cortical vein thrombosis: systematic review of case reports and case series. Stroke. 2014;45(6):1836–8. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.004414.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  277. Coutinho JM, Stam J, Canhao P, et al. Cerebral venous thrombosis in the absence of headache. Stroke. 2015;46(1):245–7. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.007584.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  278. Afifi K, Bellanger G, Buyck PJ, et al. Features of intracranial hemorrhage in cerebral venous thrombosis. J Neurol. 2020;267(11):3292–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-020-10008-0.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  279. Zuurbier SM, van den Berg R, Troost D, Majoie CB, Stam J, Coutinho JM. Hydrocephalus in cerebral venous thrombosis. J Neurol. 2015;262(4):931–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-015-7652-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  280. Plewa MC, Tadi P, Gupta M. Cavernous sinus thrombosis. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls; 2022.

    Google Scholar 

  281. Tanislav C, Siekmann R, Sieweke N, et al. Cerebral vein thrombosis: clinical manifestation and diagnosis. BMC Neurol. 2011;11:69. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2377-11-69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  282. Liberman AL, Merkler AE, Gialdini G, et al. Risk of pulmonary embolism after cerebral venous thrombosis. Stroke. 2017;48(3):563–7. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.016316.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  283. Coutinho JM, Zuurbier SM, Stam J. Declining mortality in cerebral venous thrombosis: a systematic review. Stroke. 2014;45(5):1338–41. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.004666.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  284. Ferro JM, Canhao P, Bousser MG, Stam J, Barinagarrementeria F. Cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis in elderly patients. Stroke. 2005;36(9):1927–32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16100024.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  285. Canhao P, Ferro JM, Lindgren AG, Bousser MG, Stam J, Barinagarrementeria F. Causes and predictors of death in cerebral venous thrombosis. Stroke. 2005;36(8):1720–5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16002765.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  286. Baldini T, Asioli GM, Romoli M, et al. Cerebral venous thrombosis and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Neurol. 2021;28(10):3478–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14727.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  287. Taquet M, Husain M, Geddes JR, Luciano S, Harrison PJ. Cerebral venous thrombosis and portal vein thrombosis: a retrospective cohort study of 537,913 COVID-19 cases. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;39:101061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101061.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  288. Abdalkader M, Shaikh SP, Siegler JE, et al. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in COVID-19 patients: a multicenter study and review of literature. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2021;30(6):105733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.105733.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  289. Ghosh R, Roy D, Mandal A, et al. Cerebral venous thrombosis in COVID-19. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2021;15(3):1039–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2021.04.026.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  290. Franchini M, Liumbruno GM, Pezzo M. COVID-19 vaccine-associated immune thrombosis and thrombocytopenia (VITT): diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations for a new syndrome. Eur J Haematol. 2021;107(2):173–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejh.13665.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  291. Cleaver J, Ibitoye R, Morrison H, et al. Endovascular treatment for vaccine-induced cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and thrombocytopenia following ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination: a report of three cases. J Neurointerv Surg. 2022;14(9):853–7. https://doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2021-018238.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  292. Pavord S, Scully M, Hunt BJ, et al. Clinical features of vaccine-induced immune thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(18):1680–9. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2109908.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  293. Wong BY, Hickman S, Richards M, Jassar P, Wilson T. Management of paediatric otogenic cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: a systematic review. Clin Otolaryngol. 2015;40(6):704–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/coa.12504.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  294. Cundiff DK. Anticoagulants for cerebral venous thrombosis: harmful to patients? Stroke. 2014;45(1):298–304. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.003519.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  295. Einhaupl KM, Villringer A, Meister W, et al. Heparin treatment in sinus venous thrombosis. Lancet. 1991;338(8767):597–600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1679154.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  296. Masuhr F, Mehraein S. Cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis: patients with a fatal outcome during intravenous dose-adjusted heparin treatment. Neurocrit Care. 2004;1(3):355–61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16174934.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  297. Coutinho JMMD, Ferro JMMDP, Canhao PMDP, et al. Unfractionated or low-molecular weight heparin for the treatment of cerebral venous thrombosis. Stroke. 2010;41(11):2575–80. http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&D=ovftl&AN=00007670-201011000-00023.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  298. van Nuenen BF, Munneke M, Bloem BR. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: prevention of recurrent thromboembolism. Stroke. 2005;36(9):1822–3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16120838.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  299. Einhaupl K, Stam J, Bousser MG, et al. EFNS guideline on the treatment of cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis in adult patients. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17(10):1229–35. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03011.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  300. Li G, Zeng X, Hussain M, et al. Safety and validity of mechanical thrombectomy and thrombolysis on severe cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Neurosurgery. 2013;72(5):730–8.; discussion 730. https://doi.org/10.1227/NEU.0b013e318285c1d3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  301. Siddiqui FM, Dandapat S, Banerjee C, et al. Mechanical thrombectomy in cerebral venous thrombosis: systematic review of 185 cases. Stroke. 2015;46(5):1263–8. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.007465.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  302. Chow K, Gobin YP, Saver J, Kidwell C, Dong P, Vinuela F. Endovascular treatment of dural sinus thrombosis with rheolytic thrombectomy and intra-arterial thrombolysis. Stroke. 2000;31(6):1420–5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10835466.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  303. Liebetrau M, Mayer TE, Bruning R, Opherk C, Hamann GF. Intra-arterial thrombolysis of complete deep cerebral venous thrombosis. Neurology. 2004;63(12):2444–5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15623729.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  304. Smith AG, Cornblath WT, Deveikis JP. Local thrombolytic therapy in deep cerebral venous thrombosis. Neurology. 1997;48(6):1613–9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9191776.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  305. Wasay M, Bakshi R, Kojan S, Bobustuc G, Dubey N, Unwin DH. Nonrandomized comparison of local urokinase thrombolysis versus systemic heparin anticoagulation for superior sagittal sinus thrombosis. Stroke. 2001;32(10):2310–7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11588319.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  306. Canhao P, Cortesao A, Cabral M, et al. Are steroids useful to treat cerebral venous thrombosis? Stroke. 2008;39(1):105–10. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.484089.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  307. Aguiar de Sousa D, Canhao P, Ferro JM. Safety of pregnancy after cerebral venous thrombosis: a systematic review. Stroke. 2016;47(3):713–8. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.011955.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  308. Rajan Vivakaran TT, Srinivas D, Kulkarni GB, Somanna S. The role of decompressive craniectomy in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. J Neurosurg. 2012;117(4):738–44. https://doi.org/10.3171/2012.6.JNS11102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  309. Ferro JM, Crassard I, Coutinho JM, et al. Decompressive surgery in cerebrovenous thrombosis: a multicenter registry and a systematic review of individual patient data. Stroke. 2011(In Eng). https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.615393.

  310. Heller C, Heinecke A, Junker R, et al. Cerebral venous thrombosis in children: a multifactorial origin. Circulation. 2003;108(11):1362–7. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000087598.05977.45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  311. Sebire G, Tabarki B, Saunders DE, et al. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in children: risk factors, presentation, diagnosis and outcome. Brain. 2005;128(Pt 3):477–89. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awh412.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  312. Lazzareschi I, Curatola A, Gatto A, et al. Diagnosis and management of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in children: a single-center retrospective analysis. Childs Nerv Syst. 2021;37(1):153–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-020-04958-z.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  313. Bonduel M, Sciuccati G, Hepner M, et al. Arterial ischemic stroke and cerebral venous thrombosis in children: a 12-year Argentinean registry. Acta Haematol. 2006;115(3–4):180–5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16549893.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  314. Moharir MD, Shroff M, Pontigon AM, et al. A prospective outcome study of neonatal cerebral sinovenous thrombosis. J Child Neurol. 2011. (In Eng). https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073811408094.

  315. Kolar P. Risk factors for central and branch retinal vein occlusion: a meta-analysis of published clinical data. J Ophthalmol. 2014;2014:724780. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/724780.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  316. Soon AK, de Oliveira PR, Chow DR. Anti-VEGF in a marathon runner’s retinopathy case. Case Rep Ophthalmol Med. 2016;2016:5756970. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5756970.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mark R. Harrigan .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Harrigan, M.R., Deveikis, J.P. (2023). Venous Disorders and Cavernous Malformations. In: Handbook of Cerebrovascular Disease and Neurointerventional Technique. Contemporary Medical Imaging. Humana, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45598-8_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45598-8_15

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-45597-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-45598-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics