Abstract
Forest loss and fragmentation are two of the most pressing threats to Amazonian biodiversity. This chapter examines the responses of bats, one of most species-rich Amazonian mammal groups, to anthropogenic forest fragmentation by providing an overview of the research conducted over the last decade at the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project (BDFFP), a whole-ecosystem experiment in the Central Brazilian Amazon. Between 2011 and 2014, almost 7000 bats of over 50 species were captured using mist netting, and ca. 650,000 bat passes of 21 sonotypes were recorded using passive acoustic detectors. We briefly describe the sampling design used to survey bats in the BDFFP reserves, characterise the bat assemblages in fragments, secondary forest matrix and continuous forest and discuss the effects of forest fragmentation on the taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic dimensions of phyllostomid and aerial-hawking insectivorous bat biodiversity. We report on area, edge and matrix effects and explore time-related complexities associated with both short- and long-term responses to changes in matrix structure and composition. Finally, taking the BDFFP as an illustrative example, we discuss the implications of our findings for the conservation of Amazonian bats and propose directions for future research.
Resumo
A perda e a fragmentação florestal representam uma das principais causas de redução da biodiversidade na Amazônia. A fim de entender esse efeito, a maioria dos estudos tem usado a teoria da biogeografia de ilhas como arcabouço conceitual e contado com a evidência empírica provida por dados de diversidade taxonômica. Contudo, pesquisas recentes têm destacado a importância de combinar a biogeografia com dados de diversidade funcional e filogenética para prever mais precisamente o impacto das atividades humanas sobre a biodiversidade. Com base em um amplo conjunto de dados de morcegos da Amazônia Central brasileira, neste capítulo mostramos como esse grupo taxonômico responde aos efeitos da fragmentação florestal, fornecendo uma visão geral dos estudos realizados na última década nas áreas do ‘Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais – PDBFF’. As amostragens aconteceram em um gradiente de fragmentação que compreende interior e borda de áreas controle de floresta primária contínua, interior e borda de fragmentos de floresta primária (1, 10 e 100 hectares) e na matriz composta por floresta secundária. Através desse gradiente, entre 2011 e 2014 foram capturados aproximadamente 6500 indivíduos de seis famílias e 55 espécies usando redes de neblina no sub-bosque (interior-borda-matriz) e no dossel florestal (interior), e registramos aproximadamente 650,000 chamados de ecolocalização de morcegos representando 21 sonotipos usando detectores acústicos passivos. Aqui descrevemos brevemente o desenho amostral usado para estudar as comunidades de morcegos nas áreas do PDBFF, e discutimos os resultados taxonômicos, funcionais e filogenéticos associados com os efeitos da fragmentação em escala local (área, borda, matriz e estrutura da vegetação), em escala da paisagem (composição e configuração), em curto prazo através do re-isolamento dos fragmentos, e em longo prazo através da regeneração da floresta secundária representada por duas janelas temporais: 15 e 30 anos de sucessão da vegetação. Mais especificamente, procuramos responder perguntas como: (1) Quanto tempo de regeneração florestal é necessário para uma recuperação completa do número de espécies, das funções ecológicas e histórias evolutivas dos morcegos? (2) Quais características funcionais permitem a um morcego sobreviver ao desmatamento? (3) A perda de floresta primária afeta a relação espécies-área e a relação diversidade funcional-área das comunidades de morcegos na mesma proporção? (4) Como o gradiente de fragmentação florestal afeta as múltiplas dimensões de diversidade dos morcegos? (5) Qual é o efeito do re-isolamento dos fragmentos nos padrões de atividades dos morcegos? Respostas para essas e outras perguntas podem ser encontradas neste capítulo, que além de melhorar a nossa compreensão dos mecanismos que regem as relações entre características biológicas e ambientais, avançam o conhecimento sobre a dimensão funcional e filogenética da biodiversidade. Tais respostas também destacam o valor de conservação das complexas paisagens fragmentadas tropicais na sobrevivência dos morcegos e no suporte de importantes funções ecológicas e serviços ecossistêmicos que eles fornecem. Com esses estudos esperamos estimular a pesquisa multidisciplinar e transformadora no futuro, apresentando caminhos para novas perguntas ecológicas e aprimorando planos efetivos de conservação da biodiversidade na região tropical.
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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the many students, volunteers and field assistants that helped us during fieldwork and to Paulo E.D. Bobrowiec, José L.C. Camargo, Rosely Hipólito and Ary Jorge Ferreira for logistic support. Funding was provided by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology to C.F.J.M. (PTDC/BIA-BIC/111184/2009), R.R. (SFRH/BD/80488/2011 and 2020.01129.CEECIND/CP1601/CT0004) and A.L.-B (FCT PD/BD/52597/2014). F.Z.F. was supported by a fellowship from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) and ‘Convocatoria de estancias posdoctorales en la Universidad Nacional de Colombia – Sede Medellín 2021’. Additional funding was provided by Bat Conservation International student research fellowships to A.L.-B and R.R. This research was conducted under ICMBio (Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade) permit (26877-2) and constitutes the publication number 864 of the BDFFP technical series.
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Rocha, R., López-Baucells, A., Farneda, F.Z., Meyer, C.F.J. (2023). Bat Responses to Anthropogenic Forest Fragmentation: Insights from an Amazonian Fragmentation Experiment in Brazil. In: Spironello, W.R., Barnett, A.A., Lynch, J.W., Bobrowiec, P.E.D., Boyle, S.A. (eds) Amazonian Mammals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43071-8_14
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