Skip to main content

Future Directions for High Myopia Correction

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Refractive Surgery for High Myopia

Part of the book series: Essentials in Ophthalmology ((ESSENTIALS))

  • 114 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter discusses the future considerations, scope, and limitations of different treatment modalities for the management of high myopia such as corneal refractive procedures, their combination with prophylactic cross-linking (XTRA procedures), scleral cross-linking, combined tissue addition using modified SMILE-derived lenticules, and Laser-Induced Refractive Index Change (LIRIC). Some of these are established procedures, while some are still in their infancy. When used alone, or in combination, these modalities appear to be promising in managing very high myopia, however, their long-term safety and efficacy remain to be established.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Mifflin MD, Betts BS, Nguyen J, Pouly S. High myopic photorefractive keratectomy outcomes with the Alcon Wavelight® EX500 excimer laser. Clin Ophthalmol. 2018;6(12):1041–8. https://doi.org/10.2147/OPTH.S164110. PMID: 29922033; PMCID: PMC5995275

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Liu YL, Tseng CC, Lin CP. Visual performance after excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy for high myopia. Taiwan J Ophthalmol. 2017;7(2):82–8. https://doi.org/10.4103/tjo.tjo_6_17. PMID: 29018762; PMCID: PMC5602153

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Wallerstein A, Kam JWK, Gauvin M, et al. Refractive, visual, and subjective quality of vision outcomes for very high myopia LASIK from − 10.00 to − 13.50 diopters. BMC Ophthalmol. 2020;20:234. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-020-01481-2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Kanellopoulos AJ, Asimellis G. Refractive and keratometric stability in high myopic LASIK with high-frequency femtosecond and excimer lasers. J Refract Surg. 2013;29(12):832–7. https://doi.org/10.3928/1081597X-20130924-02. Epub 2013 Oct 4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Reinstein DZ, Carp GI, Archer TJ, Lewis TA, Gobbe M, Moore J, Moore T. Long-term visual and refractive outcomes after LASIK for high myopia and astigmatism from −8.00 to −14.25 D. J Refract Surg. 2016;32(5):290–7. https://doi.org/10.3928/1081597X-20160310-01.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Rabinowitz YS. Keratoconus. SurvOphthalmol. 1998;42:297–319.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Wollensak G, Spoerl E, Seiler T. Riboflavin/ultraviolet-a-induced collagen crosslinking for the treatment of keratoconus. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;135:620–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Sharif R, Fowler B, Karamichos D. Collagen cross-linking impact on keratoconus extracellular matrix. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0200704.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Subasinghe SK, Ogbuehi KC, Dias GJ. Current perspectives on corneal collagen crosslinking (CXL). Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2018;256:1363–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Hersh PS, Greenstein SA, Fry KL. Corneal collagen crosslinking for keratoconus and corneal ectasia: one-year results. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2011;37:149–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Sorkin N, Varssano D. Corneal collagen crosslinking: a systematic review. Ophthalmologica. 2014;232:10–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Deshmukh R, Hafezi F, Kymionis GD, Kling S, Shah R, Padmanabhan P, et al. Current concepts in crosslinking thin corneas. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2019;67:8–15.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Hersh PS, Lai MJ, Gelles JD, Lesniak SP. Transepithelial corneal crosslinking for keratoconus. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2018;44:313–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Lim EWL, Lim L. Review of laser vision correction (LASIK, PRK and SMILE) with simultaneous accelerated corneal crosslinking-long-term results. Curr Eye Res. 2019;44:1171–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Ohana O, Kaiserman I, Domniz Y, Cohen E, Franco O, Sela T, Munzer G, Varssano D. Outcomes of simultaneous photorefractive keratectomy and collagen crosslinking. Can J Ophthalmol. 2018;53(5):523–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjo.2017.12.003. Epub 2018 Feb 13

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Sachdev GS, Ramamurthy S, Dandapani R. Comparative analysis of safety and efficacy of photorefractive keratectomy versus photorefractive keratectomy combined with crosslinking. Clin Ophthalmol. 2018;30(12):783–90. https://doi.org/10.2147/OPTH.S156500. PMID: 29750010; PMCID: PMC5933339

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Low JR, Lim L, Koh JCW, Chua DKP, Rosman M. Simultaneous accelerated corneal crosslinking and laser in situ Keratomileusis for the treatment of high myopia in Asian eyes. Open Ophthalmol J. 2018;12:143–53. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874364101812010143. PMID: 30123379; PMCID: PMC6062923

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Kanellopoulos AJ, Asimellis G. Combined laser in situ keratomileusis and prophylactic high-fluence corneal collagen crosslinking for high myopia: two-year safety and efficacy. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2015;41(7):1426–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrs.2014.10.045.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Osman IM, Helaly HA, AbouShousha M, AbouSamra A, Ahmed I. Corneal safety and stability in cases of small incision Lenticule extraction with collagen cross-linking (SMILE Xtra). J Ophthalmol. 2019;2019:6808062. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6808062. PMID: 31098325; PMCID: PMC6487093

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Ganesh S, Brar S. Clinical outcomes of small incision Lenticule extraction with accelerated cross-linking (ReLEx SMILE Xtra) in patients with thin corneas and borderline topography. J Ophthalmol. 2015;2015:263412. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/263412. Epub 2015 Jun 28. PMID: 26221538; PMCID: PMC4499409

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Di Y, Mo F, Li Y. Comparison of the clinical outcomes between combined femtosecond laser-assisted in situ Keratomileusis and corneal cross linking versus combined small-incision Lenticule extraction and corneal cross linking. J Ophthalmol. 2022;2022:6994355. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6994355. PMID: 35140987; PMCID: PMC8820861

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Wang Y, Wu Z, Liu B, Lu J, Tanumiharjo S, Huang J, Zhao X, Lu L. Efficacy and safety of scleral crosslinking using poly(ethylene glycol)ether tetrasuccinimidyl glutarate for form-deprivation myopia progression in rabbits. RSC Adv. 2021;11(50):31746–55. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ra05533j. PMID: 35496866; PMCID: PMC9041537

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Zhang F, Lai L. Advanced research in scleral cross-linking to prevent from progressive myopia. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila). 2021;10(2):161–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/APO.0000000000000340.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Chu Y, Cheng Z, Liu J, et al. The effects of scleral collagen cross-linking using glyceraldehyde on the progression of form-deprived myopia in guineapigs. J Ophthalmol. 2016;2016:1–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Lin X, Naidu RK, Dai J, et al. Scleral cross-linking using glyceraldehyde for the prevention of axial elongation in the rabbit: blocked axial elongation and altered scleral microstructure. Curr Eye Res. 2018;44:162–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Xue A, Zheng L, Tan G, et al. Genipin-crosslinked donor sclera for posterior scleral contraction/reinforcement to fight progressive myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018;59:3564–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Brar S, Ganesh S, Sriganesh SS, Bhavsar H. Femtosecond intrastromal Lenticule implantation (FILI) for Management of Moderate to high hyperopia: 5-year outcomes. J Refract Surg. 2022;38(6):348–54. https://doi.org/10.3928/1081597X-20220503-01. Epub 2022 Jun 1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Ganesh S, Brar S. Femtosecond intrastromal lenticular implantation combined with accelerated collagen cross-linking for the treatment of keratoconus--initial clinical result in 6 eyes. Cornea. 2015;34(10):1331–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0000000000000539.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Rapuano CJ, Sugar A, Koch DD, Agapitos PJ, Culbertson WW, de Luise VP, Huang D, Varley GA. Intrastromal corneal ring segments for low myopia: a report by the American Academy of ophthalmology. Ophthalmology. 2001;108(10):1922–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0161-6420(01)00804-1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Wozniak KT, Gearhart SM, Savage DE, Ellis JD, Knox WH, Huxlin KR. Comparable change in stromal refractive index of cat and human corneas following blue-IRIS. J Biomed Opt. 2017;22(5):55007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Zheleznyak L, Butler SC, Cox IG, Huxlin KR, Ellis JD, Knox W, Waltz K, Vukich JA, Quesada G, Quesada R, Melendez A, Machat JJ, MacRae SM. First-in-human laser-induced refractive index change (LIRIC) treatment of the cornea. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2019;60(9):5079.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Brar, S., Ganesh, S. (2023). Future Directions for High Myopia Correction. In: Randleman, J.B. (eds) Refractive Surgery for High Myopia. Essentials in Ophthalmology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-40560-0_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-40560-0_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-40559-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-40560-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics