Abstract
This chapter discusses the future considerations, scope, and limitations of different treatment modalities for the management of high myopia such as corneal refractive procedures, their combination with prophylactic cross-linking (XTRA procedures), scleral cross-linking, combined tissue addition using modified SMILE-derived lenticules, and Laser-Induced Refractive Index Change (LIRIC). Some of these are established procedures, while some are still in their infancy. When used alone, or in combination, these modalities appear to be promising in managing very high myopia, however, their long-term safety and efficacy remain to be established.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Mifflin MD, Betts BS, Nguyen J, Pouly S. High myopic photorefractive keratectomy outcomes with the Alcon Wavelight® EX500 excimer laser. Clin Ophthalmol. 2018;6(12):1041–8. https://doi.org/10.2147/OPTH.S164110. PMID: 29922033; PMCID: PMC5995275
Liu YL, Tseng CC, Lin CP. Visual performance after excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy for high myopia. Taiwan J Ophthalmol. 2017;7(2):82–8. https://doi.org/10.4103/tjo.tjo_6_17. PMID: 29018762; PMCID: PMC5602153
Wallerstein A, Kam JWK, Gauvin M, et al. Refractive, visual, and subjective quality of vision outcomes for very high myopia LASIK from − 10.00 to − 13.50 diopters. BMC Ophthalmol. 2020;20:234. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-020-01481-2.
Kanellopoulos AJ, Asimellis G. Refractive and keratometric stability in high myopic LASIK with high-frequency femtosecond and excimer lasers. J Refract Surg. 2013;29(12):832–7. https://doi.org/10.3928/1081597X-20130924-02. Epub 2013 Oct 4
Reinstein DZ, Carp GI, Archer TJ, Lewis TA, Gobbe M, Moore J, Moore T. Long-term visual and refractive outcomes after LASIK for high myopia and astigmatism from −8.00 to −14.25 D. J Refract Surg. 2016;32(5):290–7. https://doi.org/10.3928/1081597X-20160310-01.
Rabinowitz YS. Keratoconus. SurvOphthalmol. 1998;42:297–319.
Wollensak G, Spoerl E, Seiler T. Riboflavin/ultraviolet-a-induced collagen crosslinking for the treatment of keratoconus. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;135:620–7.
Sharif R, Fowler B, Karamichos D. Collagen cross-linking impact on keratoconus extracellular matrix. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0200704.
Subasinghe SK, Ogbuehi KC, Dias GJ. Current perspectives on corneal collagen crosslinking (CXL). Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2018;256:1363–84.
Hersh PS, Greenstein SA, Fry KL. Corneal collagen crosslinking for keratoconus and corneal ectasia: one-year results. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2011;37:149–60.
Sorkin N, Varssano D. Corneal collagen crosslinking: a systematic review. Ophthalmologica. 2014;232:10–27.
Deshmukh R, Hafezi F, Kymionis GD, Kling S, Shah R, Padmanabhan P, et al. Current concepts in crosslinking thin corneas. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2019;67:8–15.
Hersh PS, Lai MJ, Gelles JD, Lesniak SP. Transepithelial corneal crosslinking for keratoconus. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2018;44:313–22.
Lim EWL, Lim L. Review of laser vision correction (LASIK, PRK and SMILE) with simultaneous accelerated corneal crosslinking-long-term results. Curr Eye Res. 2019;44:1171–80.
Ohana O, Kaiserman I, Domniz Y, Cohen E, Franco O, Sela T, Munzer G, Varssano D. Outcomes of simultaneous photorefractive keratectomy and collagen crosslinking. Can J Ophthalmol. 2018;53(5):523–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjo.2017.12.003. Epub 2018 Feb 13
Sachdev GS, Ramamurthy S, Dandapani R. Comparative analysis of safety and efficacy of photorefractive keratectomy versus photorefractive keratectomy combined with crosslinking. Clin Ophthalmol. 2018;30(12):783–90. https://doi.org/10.2147/OPTH.S156500. PMID: 29750010; PMCID: PMC5933339
Low JR, Lim L, Koh JCW, Chua DKP, Rosman M. Simultaneous accelerated corneal crosslinking and laser in situ Keratomileusis for the treatment of high myopia in Asian eyes. Open Ophthalmol J. 2018;12:143–53. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874364101812010143. PMID: 30123379; PMCID: PMC6062923
Kanellopoulos AJ, Asimellis G. Combined laser in situ keratomileusis and prophylactic high-fluence corneal collagen crosslinking for high myopia: two-year safety and efficacy. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2015;41(7):1426–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrs.2014.10.045.
Osman IM, Helaly HA, AbouShousha M, AbouSamra A, Ahmed I. Corneal safety and stability in cases of small incision Lenticule extraction with collagen cross-linking (SMILE Xtra). J Ophthalmol. 2019;2019:6808062. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6808062. PMID: 31098325; PMCID: PMC6487093
Ganesh S, Brar S. Clinical outcomes of small incision Lenticule extraction with accelerated cross-linking (ReLEx SMILE Xtra) in patients with thin corneas and borderline topography. J Ophthalmol. 2015;2015:263412. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/263412. Epub 2015 Jun 28. PMID: 26221538; PMCID: PMC4499409
Di Y, Mo F, Li Y. Comparison of the clinical outcomes between combined femtosecond laser-assisted in situ Keratomileusis and corneal cross linking versus combined small-incision Lenticule extraction and corneal cross linking. J Ophthalmol. 2022;2022:6994355. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6994355. PMID: 35140987; PMCID: PMC8820861
Wang Y, Wu Z, Liu B, Lu J, Tanumiharjo S, Huang J, Zhao X, Lu L. Efficacy and safety of scleral crosslinking using poly(ethylene glycol)ether tetrasuccinimidyl glutarate for form-deprivation myopia progression in rabbits. RSC Adv. 2021;11(50):31746–55. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ra05533j. PMID: 35496866; PMCID: PMC9041537
Zhang F, Lai L. Advanced research in scleral cross-linking to prevent from progressive myopia. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila). 2021;10(2):161–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/APO.0000000000000340.
Chu Y, Cheng Z, Liu J, et al. The effects of scleral collagen cross-linking using glyceraldehyde on the progression of form-deprived myopia in guineapigs. J Ophthalmol. 2016;2016:1–8.
Lin X, Naidu RK, Dai J, et al. Scleral cross-linking using glyceraldehyde for the prevention of axial elongation in the rabbit: blocked axial elongation and altered scleral microstructure. Curr Eye Res. 2018;44:162–71.
Xue A, Zheng L, Tan G, et al. Genipin-crosslinked donor sclera for posterior scleral contraction/reinforcement to fight progressive myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018;59:3564–73.
Brar S, Ganesh S, Sriganesh SS, Bhavsar H. Femtosecond intrastromal Lenticule implantation (FILI) for Management of Moderate to high hyperopia: 5-year outcomes. J Refract Surg. 2022;38(6):348–54. https://doi.org/10.3928/1081597X-20220503-01. Epub 2022 Jun 1
Ganesh S, Brar S. Femtosecond intrastromal lenticular implantation combined with accelerated collagen cross-linking for the treatment of keratoconus--initial clinical result in 6 eyes. Cornea. 2015;34(10):1331–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0000000000000539.
Rapuano CJ, Sugar A, Koch DD, Agapitos PJ, Culbertson WW, de Luise VP, Huang D, Varley GA. Intrastromal corneal ring segments for low myopia: a report by the American Academy of ophthalmology. Ophthalmology. 2001;108(10):1922–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0161-6420(01)00804-1.
Wozniak KT, Gearhart SM, Savage DE, Ellis JD, Knox WH, Huxlin KR. Comparable change in stromal refractive index of cat and human corneas following blue-IRIS. J Biomed Opt. 2017;22(5):55007.
Zheleznyak L, Butler SC, Cox IG, Huxlin KR, Ellis JD, Knox W, Waltz K, Vukich JA, Quesada G, Quesada R, Melendez A, Machat JJ, MacRae SM. First-in-human laser-induced refractive index change (LIRIC) treatment of the cornea. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2019;60(9):5079.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Brar, S., Ganesh, S. (2023). Future Directions for High Myopia Correction. In: Randleman, J.B. (eds) Refractive Surgery for High Myopia. Essentials in Ophthalmology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-40560-0_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-40560-0_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-40559-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-40560-0
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)