Skip to main content

Teaching Reading and Writing in Primary Grades in Macao: A Qualitative Study

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Hitchhiker's Guide to Writing Research

Part of the book series: Literacy Studies ((LITS,volume 25))

  • 273 Accesses

Abstract

In order to capture the dynamic nature of teaching reading and writing in primary grades in Macao, China, an interview-based qualitative approach was used in this study. Fifteen grades 1–3 Macao Chinese language teachers from nine private schools which included Chinese, English, and international schools were interviewed. The study revealed that the participants adopted a balanced approach to teaching Chinese reading and writing, although what they focused on varied; PIRLS affected reading instruction; limited word recognition reduced reading and writing performance; limited time was arranged for teaching writing compositions; and reading and writing were influenced by institutions, society, culture, and policies. Because school regulations shape instructional practices, it is urgent to do research on how to balance reading and writing instruction through school-based curriculum development.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Chan, U. M. (2020). 運用繪本與自我調整策略發展培養寫作能力 [Using picture books with SRSD to develop writing ability: A case study in a second grade school leisure activities course]. [Unpublished master’s thesis]. University of Macau.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing Grounded theory (3rd ed.). Sage.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Cronin, C. (2019). Openness and praxis: Exploring the use of open educational practices in higher education. In S. B. Merriam & R. S. Grenier (Eds.), Qualitative research in practice: Examples for discussion and analysis (2nd ed., pp. 215–234). Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cutler, L., & Graham, S. (2008). Primary grade writing instruction: A national survey. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100(4), 907–919. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012656

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Education and Youth Development Bureau. (2016a). 小學教育階段中文基本學力要求 (第一語文即教學語文) [The requirements of basic academic attainments in Chinese language for primary education (primary language, that is, teaching language)]. Boletim Oficial da Região Administrativa Especial de Macau [Official Bulletin of the Special Administrative Region of Macao], 9, 126–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Education and Youth Development Bureau. (2016b). 小學教育階段中文基本學力要求 (第二語文) [The requirements of basic academic attainments in Chinese language for primary education (second language)]. Boletim Oficial da Região Administrativa Especial de Macau [Official Bulletin of the Special Administrative Region of Macao], 9, 137–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Education and Youth Development Bureau. (2021). Educational statistic: Primary education. Retrieved February 14, 2021, from https://portal.dsedj.gov.mo/webdsejspace/internet/Inter_main_page.jsp?id=8525

  • Fan, M.-S., Wu, F.-T., & Wang, Yu (2016). 数字阅读: 电子书对小学生语文阅读能力的影响 [E-reading: Influence of e-books on reading ability of students in primary school]. 电化教育研究 [e-Education Research], 12, 106–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, D., Frey, N., & Akhavan, N. (2020). This is balanced literacy: Grades K-6. Corwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, S. (2018). A revised writer(s)-within-community model of writing. Educational Psychologist, 53(4), 258–279. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2018.1481406

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, S., & Hebert, M. (2011). Writing to read: A meta-analysis of the impact of writing and writing instruction on reading. Harvard Educational Review, 81(4), 710–744.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, S., Harris, K. R., Mason, L., Fink-Chorzempa, B., Moran, S., & Saddler, B. (2008). How do primary grade teachers teach handwriting? A national survey. Reading and Writing, 21(1), 49–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-007-9064-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, S., Harris, K. R., & Adkins, M. (2018a). The impact of supplemental handwriting and spelling instruction with first grade students who do not acquire transcription skills as rapidly as peers: A randomized control trial. Reading and Writing, 31(6), 1273–1294. https://doi-org.libezproxy.um.edu.mo/10.1007/s11145-018-9822-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, S., Liu, X., Aitken, A., Ng, C., Bartlett, B., Harris, K. R., & Holzapfel, J. (2018b). Effectiveness of literacy programs balancing reading and writing instruction: A meta-analysis. Reading Research Quarterly, 53(3), 279–304. https://doi.org/10.1002/rrq.194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, S., Liu, X., Bartlett, B., Ng, C., Harris, K. R., Aitken, A., Barkel, A., Kavanaugh, C., & Talukdar, J. (2018c). Reading for writing: A meta-analysis of the impact of reading interventions on writing. Review of Educational Research, 88(2), 243–284. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654317746927

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hsiang, T. P. (2012). 小學語文科詩歌教材的比較研究:以中國內地與澳門版教科書為例 [A comparative study on primary school poetry teaching materials with examples of Chinese language textbooks edited for Mainland China and Macao]. Journal of Macau Studies, 3, 145–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsiang, T. P., & Graham, S. (2016). Teaching writing in grades 4 to 6 in urban schools in the Greater China region. Reading and Writing, 29(5), 869–902. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-015-9597-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hsiang, T. P., Graham, S., & Wong, P. M. (2018). Teaching writing in grades 7–9 in urban schools in Chinese societies in Asia. Reading Research Quarterly, 53(4), 473–507. https://doi.org/10.1002/rrq.213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hsiang, T., Graham, S., & Yang, Y. (2020a). Teachers’ practices and beliefs about teaching writing: A comprehensive survey of grades 1 to 3 teachers. Reading and Writing, 33(10), 2511–2548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-020-10050-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hsiang, T. P., Wang, Z., & Gong, Y. (2020b). 雙語教育下小學漢字教學的挑戰與因應: 澳門的研究發現與啟示 [Facing the challenges of teaching Chinese characters in bilingual primary schools: A study of Macao and its implications]. 臺灣教育評論月刊 [Taiwan Educational Review Monthly], 9(10), 60–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsiang, T. P., Graham, S., Wang, Z., & Gong, Y. (2021). How Chinese characters are taught: An analysis of three popular textbooks used in Macao. Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 26(2), 355–381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-021-09492-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • International Literacy Association. (2018). Standards for the preparation of literacy professionals 2017. Retrieved December 2, 2020, from https://literacyworldwide.org/get-resources/standards/standards-2017

  • Kong, M. Y. (2020). The association between children’s common Chinese stroke errors and spelling ability. Reading and Writing, 33(1), 635–670.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lam, H. C. (2011). A critical analysis of the various ways of teaching Chinese characters. Electronic Journal of Foreign Language Teaching, 8(1), 57–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, M. (2020). A systematic review of the research on Chinese character teaching and learning. Frontiers of Education in China, 15(1), 39–72. https://doi-org.libezproxy.um.edu.mo/10.1007/s11516-020-0003-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Y., & Liu, D. (2020). Morphological awareness and orthographic awareness link Chinese writing to reading comprehension. Reading and Writing, 33, 1701–1720. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-019-10009-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macao Government Tourism Office. (2020). About Macao. Retrieved July 5, 2021, from https://www.gastronomy.gov.mo/#about-macao

  • Macao SAR Government. (2020a). 2017 Macao in figures. Retrieved July 5, 2021, from http://www.dsec.gov.mo/CMSPages/e_mn_indicator.aspx?IACM=1

  • Macao SAR Government. (2020b). About Macao SAR: Fact sheet-education. Retrieved July 5, 2021, from https://www.gcs.gov.mo/files/factsheet/Education_EN.pdf

  • Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China. (2012). 义务教育语文课程标准2011 年版) [Compulsory Education Chinese Language Curriculum Standards (2011 ed.)]. Beijing Normal University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mullis, I. V. S., & Martin, M. O. (Eds.). (2015). PIRLS 2016 assessment framework (2nd ed.). Retrieved from Boston College, TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center website: http://timssandpirls.bc.edu/pirls2016/framework.html

  • Quan, G., Dong, N., Chen, J., & Chen, M. (2019). 基于思维导图的情感效用阅读实证研究 [Reading with mind map: Empirical research on emotional utility]. 中国电化教育 [China Educational Technology], 3, 55–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roe, B. D., & Smith, S. H. (2012). Teaching reading in todays’ elementary schools (11th ed.). Wadsworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruan, Y., Qi, C., & Liu, X. (2018). 多重感觉通道训练对听写落后儿童的教学 [Multisensory training as a teaching method on Chinese children with spelling difficulties]. 中国临床心理学杂志 [Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology], 26(4), 821–825.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smart, A., & Jagannathan, S. (2018). Textbook policies in Asia: Development, publishing, printing, distribution, and future implications. Asian Development Bank. Retrieved from https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/478946/textbook-policies-asia.pdf

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Tse, S. K., Marton, F., Ki, W. W., & Loh, E. (2007). An integrative perceptual approach for teaching Chinese characters. Instructional Science, 35, 375–406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-006-9011-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, J., & Leland, C. H. (2011). Beginning students’ perceptions of effective activities for Chinese character recognition. Reading in a Foreign Language, 23(2), 208–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, C.-C., Hung, L.-Y., Chang, Y.-W., & Chen, H.-F. (2008). 一到九年級學生國字識字量發展 [Number of characters school students know from grade 1 to G9]. 教育心理學報 [Bulletion of Education Psychology], 39(4), 555–568.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y., McBride, C., Zhou, Y., Joshi, R. M., & Farver, J. A. M. (2018). Becoming literate in Chinese: A comparison of native-speaking and non-native-speaking children. Journal of Research in Reading, 41(3), 511–524. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9817.12122

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warner-Griffin, C., Liu, H., Tadler, C., Herget, D., & Dalton, B. (2018). Reading achievement of U.S. fourth-grade students in an international context. National Center for Educational Statistics (NCE). https://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2018017

    Google Scholar 

  • Wei, X.-F., Yang, F., Shi, X., & Qiao, K.-D. (2020). 协作思维导图策略促进小学生习作的行动研究 [Action research on the collaborative mind mapping strategy to improve primary school students’ writing]. 现代教育技术[Modern Educational Technology], 30(6), 47–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong, L. (2013). 識字教學行動研究 : 以融合教育模式中的讀寫障礙生為例 [Literacy instruction by action research : Integrated education model for dyslexic students] [Unpublished master’s thesis]. University of Macau.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xie, Y., Wu, L., Li, H., Kwok, L., Huang, Y., Xiao, L., & Yang, Y. (2016). 智慧学习环境下小学语文阅读课生成性教学路径的探究 [Exploration of generative teaching approach for primary Chinese reading class in the smart learning environment]. 中国电化教育 [China Educational Technology], 6, 36–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, B., Zhang, L., & Li, X. (2016). 故事书阅读中考核与注音对农村一年级儿童识字量的影响 [The effect of examination and Pinyin notation during storybook reading on first-grade children’s Chinese characters literacy in rural areas]. 中国特殊教育 [Chinese Journal of Special Education], 6, 84–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Y., Sun, J., & Mutlf. (2018). 基于知识建构的同伴互评教学实践研究 [Research on Peer Review Based on Knowledge Building]. 电化教育研究 [e-Education Research], 7, 108–113.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This research was supported by the Higher Education Fund of the Macao SAR Government [14/DSESHSS-UM/2019].

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tien Ping Hsiang .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Hsiang, T.P. (2023). Teaching Reading and Writing in Primary Grades in Macao: A Qualitative Study. In: Liu, X., Hebert, M., Alves, R.A. (eds) The Hitchhiker's Guide to Writing Research. Literacy Studies, vol 25. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36472-3_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36472-3_17

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-36471-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-36472-3

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics