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Aberrant Mineral Deposition in Soft and Hard Tissues

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Mechanisms of Mineralization of Vertebrate Skeletal and Dental Tissues

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Abstract

The chapter highlights selected mineralization disorders and their effects on tissue function. Principal topics include dystrophic and heterotopic mineralization, microcalcifications associated with breast cancer, and defective mineralization attributed to mutations in extracellular proteins. The review of such aberrant tissue mineralization is presented to examine the premise that mineral deposition is dependent on environmental factors and requires a coordinated response of both cells and matrix components of vertebrate tissues. The importance of specific extracellular matrix proteins in abnormal mineralization is explored by assessing effects of mutations in collagen as well as other bone, dentin and enamel matrix genes. For example, mutation of the BMP activin receptor type 1 is considered as a cause of a genetic heterotopic disease, marked by endochondral bone formation in soft tissues. Mechanisms are elaborated by which certain intra- and extracellular proteins influence bone and tooth organization and mineralization. With respect to environmental influences, the relation of trauma and systemic disease on cell function and aberrant mineral deposition is discussed. In this case, soft tissue cells adopt an osteoblast-like phenotype and secrete intramembranous bone or a diffuse dystrophic mineral. Regarding microcalcifications commonly observed in blood vessels in breast tissue, mineral location and composition may affect cell function; the presence of these extracellular nanocrystals suggests a link to the fate of breast cancer cells and progression of tumorigenesis. Finally, the complex feedback and feedforward activities of vitamin D, FGF23 and PTH help regulate resorption and turnover in the BMU and prevent aberrant mineral precipitation in non-skeletal tissues.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Irving M. Shapiro

  2. Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA

    William J. Landis

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Shapiro, I.M., Landis, W.J. (2023). Aberrant Mineral Deposition in Soft and Hard Tissues. In: Mechanisms of Mineralization of Vertebrate Skeletal and Dental Tissues. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34304-9_10

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