Skip to main content

Soft Parts: Malignant Pathology

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Elastography of the Musculoskeletal System

Abstract

Conventional B-mode and color Doppler ultrasonography are frequently used in the diagnosis of soft tissue tumors. In recent years, studies have focused on the efficacy of ultrasound elastography in the diagnosis of malignant soft tissue tumors and its contribution to conventional B-mode ultrasound. Strain and shear wave elastography techniques have been used to characterize soft tissue tumors and to differentiate benign tumors from malignant ones. In this chapter, ultrasound and elastography features of the malignant soft tissue tumors are summarized with emphasis on the current literature.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Andritsch E, Beishon M, Bielack S, Bonvalot S, Casali P, Crul M, et al. ECCO essential requirements for quality cancer care: soft tissue sarcoma in adults and bone sarcoma. A critical review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2017;110:94–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CRITREVONC.2016.12.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Noebauer-Huhmann IM, Weber MA, Lalam RK, Trattnig S, Bohndorf K, Vanhoenacker F, et al. Soft tissue tumors in adults: ESSR-approved guidelines for diagnostic imaging. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2015;19:475–82. https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0035-1569251/ID/JR00863-49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Ozturk M, Polat AV, Selcuk MB. Whole-lesion ADC histogram analysis versus single-slice ADC measurement for the differentiation of benign and malignant soft tissue tumors. Eur J Radiol. 2021;143:109934. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EJRAD.2021.109934.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Ozturk M, Polat AV, Tosun FC, Selcuk MB. Does the SUVmax of FDG-PET/CT correlate with the ADC values of DWI in musculoskeletal malignancies? J Belgian Soc Radiol. 2021;105:11. https://doi.org/10.5334/JBSR.2378.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Hicks RJ. Functional imaging techniques for evaluation of sarcomas. Cancer Imaging. 2005;5:58. https://doi.org/10.1102/1470-7330.2005.0007.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Katal S, Gholamrezanezhad A, Kessler M, Olyaei M, Jadvar H. PET in the diagnostic management of soft tissue sarcomas of musculoskeletal origin. PET Clin. 2018;13:609–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CPET.2018.05.011.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Bruno F, Arrigoni F, Mariani S, Splendiani A, Di Cesare E, Masciocchi C, et al. Advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of soft tissue tumors: techniques and applications. Radiol Med. 2019;124:243–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11547-019-01035-7/FIGURES/4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Aparisi Gómez MP, Errani C, Lalam R, Vasilevska Nikodinovska V, Fanti S, Tagliafico AS, et al. The role of ultrasound in the diagnosis of soft tissue tumors. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2020;24:135–55. https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0039-3402060.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Gürüf A, Öztürk M, Bayrak İK, Polat AV. Shear wave versus strain elastography in the differentiation of benign and malignant breast lesions. Turkish J Med Sci. 2019;49:1509–17. https://doi.org/10.3906/SAG-1905-15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Turgut E, Celenk C, Tanrivermis Sayit A, Bekci T, Gunbey HP, Aslan K. Efficiency of B-mode ultrasound and strain elastography in differentiating between benign and malignant cervical lymph nodes. Ultrasound Q. 2017;33:201–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/RUQ.0000000000000302.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Gürün E, Akdulum İ, Akyüz M, Oktar SÖ. Shear wave elastography evaluation of brachial plexus in multiple sclerosis. Acta Radiol. 2022;63:520–6. https://doi.org/10.1177/02841851211002828.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Gurun E, Akdulum I, Akyuz M, Tokgoz N, Ozhan Oktar S. Shear wave elastography evaluation of meniscus degeneration with magnetic resonance imaging correlation. Acad Radiol. 2021;28:1383–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ACRA.2020.12.013.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Aslan S, Ceyhan Bilgici M, Saglam D, Ozturk M. The role of ARFI elastography to evaluate microstructural changes of patients with testicular microlithiasis. Acta Radiol. 2018;59:1517–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0284185118764213.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Berg WA, Cosgrove DO, Doré CJ, Schäfer FKW, Svensson WE, Hooley RJ, et al. Shear-wave elastography improves the specificity of breast US: the BE1 multinational study of 939 masses. Radiology. 2012;262:435–49. https://doi.org/10.1148/RADIOL.11110640.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Lu Q, Ling W, Lu C, Li J, Ma L, Quan J, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: stiffness value and ratio to discriminate malignant from benign focal liver lesions. Radiology. 2015;275:880–8. https://doi.org/10.1148/RADIOL.14131164.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Lyshchik A, Higashi T, Asato R, Tanaka S, Ito J, Mal JJ, et al. Thyroid gland tumor diagnosis at US elastography. Radiology. 2005;237:202–11. https://doi.org/10.1148/RADIOL.2363041248.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Hahn S, Lee YH, Lee SH, Suh JS. Value of the strain ratio on ultrasonic elastography for differentiation of benign and malignant soft tissue tumors. J Ultrasound Med. 2017;36:121–7. https://doi.org/10.7863/ultra.16.01054.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Pass B, Jafari M, Rowbotham E, Hensor EMA, Gupta H, Robinson P. Do quantitative and qualitative shear wave elastography have a role in evaluating musculoskeletal soft tissue masses? Eur Radiol. 2017;27:723–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-016-4427-y.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Pass B, Johnson M, Hensor EMA, Gupta H, Robinson P. Sonoelastography of musculoskeletal soft tissue masses: a pilot study of quantitative evaluation. J Ultrasound Med. 2016;35:2209–16. https://doi.org/10.7863/ultra.15.11065.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Riishede I, Ewertsen C, Carlsen J, Petersen MM, Jensen F, Nielsen MB. Strain elastography for prediction of malignancy in soft tissue tumours—preliminary results. Ultraschall Med. 2015;36:369–74. https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0034-1399289.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Ozturk M, Selcuk MB, Polat AV, Ozbalci AB, Baris YS. The diagnostic value of ultrasound and shear wave elastography in the differentiation of benign and malignant soft tissue tumors. Skeletal Radiol. 2020;49:1795–805. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00256-020-03492-y.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Dou Y, Xuan J, Zhao T, Li X, Wang H, Zhang Y, et al. The diagnostic performance of conventional ultrasound and strain elastography in malignant soft tissue tumors. Skeletal Radiol. 2021;50:1677–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00256-021-03724-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Ohshika S, Saruga T, Ogawa T, Ono H, Ishibashi Y. Distinction between benign and malignant soft tissue tumors based on an ultrasonographic evaluation of vascularity and elasticity. Oncol Lett. 2021;21:281. https://doi.org/10.3892/OL.2021.12542.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Li S, Liu L, Lv G. Diagnostic value of strain elastography for differentiating benign and malignant soft tissue masses. Oncol Lett. 2017;14:2041–4. https://doi.org/10.3892/OL.2017.6385.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Nicholls J, Alfuraih AM, Hensor EMA, Robinson P. Inter- and intra-reader reproducibility of shear wave elastography measurements for musculoskeletal soft tissue masses. Skeletal Radiol. 2020;49:779–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00256-019-03300-2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Winn N, Baldwin J, Cassar-Pullicino V, Cool P, Ockendon M, Tins B, et al. Characterization of soft tissue tumours with ultrasound, shear wave elastography and MRI. Skeletal Radiol. 2020;49:869–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00256-019-03363-1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Kransdorf MJ, Murphey MD, Wessell DE, Cassidy RC, Czuczman GJ, Demertzis JL, et al. ACR appropriateness criteria ® soft-tissue masses. J Am Coll Radiol. 2018;15:S189–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2018.03.012.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Lakkaraju A, Sinha R, Garikipati R, Edward S, Robinson P. Ultrasound for initial evaluation and triage of clinically suspicious soft-tissue masses. Clin Radiol. 2009;64:615–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CRAD.2009.01.012.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Datir A, James SLJ, Ali K, Lee J, Ahmad M, Saifuddin A. MRI of soft-tissue masses: the relationship between lesion size, depth, and diagnosis. Clin Radiol. 2008;63:373–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crad.2007.08.016.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Taljanovic MS, Gimber LH, Klauser AS, Porrino JA, Chadaz TS, Omar IM. Ultrasound in the evaluation of musculoskeletal soft-tissue masses. Semin Roentgenol. 2017;52:241–54. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ro.2017.08.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Pierucci A, Teixeira P, Zimmermann V, Sirveaux F, Rios M, Verhaegue JL, et al. Tumours and pseudotumours of the soft tissue in adults: perspectives and current role of sonography. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2013;94:238–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.DIII.2012.10.018.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Di Domenico P, Middleton W. Sonographic evaluation of palpable superficial masses. Radiol Clin North Am. 2014;52:1295–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcl.2014.07.011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Li A, Peng XJ, Ma Q, Dong Y, Mao CL, Hu Y. Diagnostic performance of conventional ultrasound and quantitative and qualitative real-time shear wave elastography in musculoskeletal soft tissue tumors. J Orthop Surg Res. 2020;15:103. https://doi.org/10.1186/S13018-020-01620-X.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Tavare AN, Alfuraih AM, Hensor EMA, Astrinakis E, Gupta H, Robinson P. Shear-wave elastography of benign versus malignant musculoskeletal soft-tissue masses: comparison with conventional US and MRI. Radiology. 2019;290:410–7. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2018180950.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Morii T, Kishino T, Shimamori N, Motohashi M, Ohnishi H, Honya K, et al. Differential diagnosis between benign and malignant soft tissue tumors utilizing ultrasound parameters. J Med Ultrason. 2018;45:113–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10396-017-0796-3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Carra BJ, Bui-Mansfield LT, O’Brien SD, Chen DC. Sonography of musculoskeletal soft-tissue masses: techniques, pearls, and pitfalls. Am J Roentgenol. 2014;202:1281–90. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.13.11564.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Giovagnorio F, Andreoli C, De Cicco ML. Color Doppler sonography of focal lesions of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. J Ultrasound Med. 1999;18:89–93. https://doi.org/10.7863/JUM.1999.18.2.89.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Catalano O, Varelli C, Sbordone C, Corvino A, De Rosa D, Vallone G, et al. A bump: what to do next? Ultrasound imaging of superficial soft-tissue palpable lesions. J Ultrasound. 2020;23:287. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40477-019-00415-Z.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Sigrist RMS, Liau J, El Kaffas A, Chammas MC, Willmann JK. Ultrasound elastography: review of techniques and clinical applications. Theranostics. 2017;7:1303–29. https://doi.org/10.7150/THNO.18650.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Bamber J, Cosgrove D, Dietrich CF, Fromageau J, Bojunga J, Calliada F, et al. EFSUMB guidelines and recommendations on the clinical use of ultrasound elastographypart 1: basic principles and technology. Ultraschall Der Medizin. 2013;34:169–84. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1335205.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Klauser AS, Miyamoto H, Bellmann-Weiler R, Feuchtner GM, Wick MC, Jaschke WR. Sonoelastography: musculoskeletal applications. Radiology. 2014;272:622–33. https://doi.org/10.1148/RADIOL.14121765.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Park HJ, Lee SY, Lee SM, Kim WT, Lee S, Ahn KS. Strain elastography features of epidermoid tumours in superficial soft tissue: differences from other benign soft-tissue tumours and malignant tumours. Br J Radiol. 2015;88:20140797. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20140797.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Itoh A, Ueno E, Tohno E, Kamma H, Takahashi H, Shiina T, et al. Breast disease: clinical application of US elastography for diagnosis. Radiology. 2006;239:341–50. https://doi.org/10.1148/RADIOL.2391041676.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Cohen J, Riishede I, Carlsen JF, Lambine TL, Dam MS, Petersen MM, et al. Can strain elastography predict malignancy of soft tissue tumors in a tertiary sarcoma center? Diagnostics. 2020;10:148. https://doi.org/10.3390/DIAGNOSTICS10030148.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Magarelli N, Carducci C, Bucalo C, Filograna L, Rapisarda S, De Waure C, et al. Sonoelastography for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of superficial soft tissue lesions: a feasibility study. Eur Radiol. 2014;24:566–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-013-3069-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Lalitha P, Balaji Reddy M, Jagannath RK. Musculoskeletal applications of elastography: a pictorial essay of our initial experience. Korean J Radiol. 2011;12:365–75. https://doi.org/10.3348/KJR.2011.12.3.365.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Scaperrotta G, Ferranti C, Costa C, Mariani L, Marchesini M, Suman L, et al. Role of sonoelastography in non-palpable breast lesions. Eur Radiol. 2008;18:2381–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00330-008-1032-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Ophir J, Alam SK, Garra BS, Kallel F, Konofagou EE, Krouskop T, et al. Elastography: imaging the elastic properties of soft tissues with ultrasound. J Med Ultrason. 2001;2002(29):155–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02480847.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Bansal A, Goyal S, Goyal A, Jana M. WHO classification of soft tissue tumours 2020: an update and simplified approach for radiologists. Eur J Radiol. 2021;143:109937. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EJRAD.2021.109937.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Wagner JM, Rebik K, Spicer PJ. Ultrasound of soft tissue masses and fluid collections. Radiol Clin North Am. 2019;57:657–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RCL.2019.01.013.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Fenzl L, Mehrmann M, Kremp K, Schneider G. Soft tissue tumors: Epidemiology, classification and staging. Radiologe. 2017;57:973–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00117-017-0320-1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Murphey MD, Smith WS, Smith SE, Kransdorf MJ, Temple HT. From the archives of the AFIP: imaging of musculoskeletal neurogenic tumors—radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 1999;19:1253–80. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiographics.19.5.g99se101253.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Gupta P, Potti TA, Wuertzer SD, Lenchik L, Pacholke DA. Spectrum of fat-containing soft-tissue masses at MR imaging: the common, the uncommon, the characteristic, and the sometimes confusing. Radiographics. 2016;36:753–66. https://doi.org/10.1148/RG.2016150133.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Shen Y, Ren Y, Wang W, Wang Y, Yang Y, Wu F, et al. Solitary fibrous tumor of the spine: imaging grading diagnosis and prognosis. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2022;46:638–44. https://doi.org/10.1097/RCT.0000000000001319.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Shanbhogue AK, Prasad SR, Takahashi N, Vikram R, Zaheer A, Sandrasegaran K. Somatic and visceral solitary fibrous tumors in the abdomen and pelvis: cross-sectional imaging spectrum. Radiographics. 2011;31:393–408. https://doi.org/10.1148/RG.312105080.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Wat SYJ, Sur M, Dhamanaskar K. Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) of the pelvis. Clin Imaging. 2008;32:152–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CLINIMAG.2007.07.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Hourani R, Taslakian B, Shabb NS, Nassar L, Hourani MH, Moukarbel R, et al. Fibroblastic and myofibroblastic tumors of the head and neck: comprehensive imaging-based review with pathologic correlation. Eur J Radiol. 2015;84:250–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2014.10.017.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Morag Y, Lucas DR. Ultrasound of myxofibrosarcoma. Skeletal Radiol. 2022;51:691–700. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00256-021-03869-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Hwang S, Kelliher E, Hameed M. Imaging features of low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma (Evans tumor). Skeletal Radiol. 2012;41:1263–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00256-012-1417-2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Wiegand S, Dietz A, Wichmann G. Malignant vascular tumors of the head and neck-which type of therapy works best? Cancers (Basel). 2021;13:6201. https://doi.org/10.3390/CANCERS13246201.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Razek AA, Huang BY. Soft tissue tumors of the head and neck: imaging-based review of the WHO classification. Radiographics. 2011;31:1923–54. https://doi.org/10.1148/RG.317115095.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Ostlere SJ. Ultrasound of soft tissue masses. In: McNally E, editor. Practical musculoskeletal ultrasound. London: Elsevier; 2014. p. 387–407.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Rha SE, Byun JY, Jung SE, Lee SL, Cho SM, Hwang SS, et al. CT and MRI of uterine sarcomas and their mimickers. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2003;181:1369–74. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.181.5.1811369.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Van Rijn RR, Wilde JCH, Bras J, Oldenburger F, McHugh KMC, Merks JHM. Imaging findings in noncraniofacial childhood rhabdomyosarcoma. Pediatr Radiol. 2008;38:617–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00247-008-0751-Y.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Clemente EJI, Navallas M, de la Torre IBM, Suñol M, Del Cerro JM, Torner F, et al. MRI of rhabdomyosarcoma and other soft-tissue sarcomas in children. Radiographics. 2020;40:791–814. https://doi.org/10.1148/RG.2020190119/ASSET/IMAGES/LARGE/RG.2020190119.FIG14A.JPEG.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Selçuk MB, Polat AV. Yumuşak doku tümörleri: radyolojik özellikler. In: Dabak N, editor. Multidisiplineer Yaklaşımla Kem. ve Yumuşak Doku Tümörleri. 2nd ed. Ankara; 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Rafailidis V, Kaziani T, Theocharides C, Papanikolaou A, Rafailidis D. Imaging of the malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour with emphasis οn ultrasonography: correlation with MRI. J Ultrasound. 2014;17:219. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40477-014-0097-2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Lin J, Martel W. Cross-sectional imaging of peripheral nerve sheath tumors: characteristic signs on CT, MR imaging, and sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2001;176:75–82. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.176.1.1760075.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Kumar V, Abbas A, Fausto N, Robbins S, Cotran R, editors. Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease. 7th ed. Elsevier Saunders: Philadelphia, PA; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Chiou HJ, Chou YH, Chiu SY, Wang HK, Chen WM, Chen TH, et al. Differentiation of benign and malignant superficial soft-tissue masses using grayscale and color Doppler ultrasonography. J Chin Med Assoc. 2009;72:307–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1726-4901(09)70377-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Reddy R. Primary undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma of the biceps femoris muscle complicated by hemorrhage: an underrecognized entity. Cureus. 2021;13:e16958. https://doi.org/10.7759/CUREUS.16958.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Gielen J, Vanhoenacker FM, Ceulemans R, Van Holsbeeck M, Van der Woude HJ, Verstraete KL, et al. Ultrasound and color Doppler ultrasound of soft tissue tumors and tumorlike lesions. In: Imaging soft tissue tumors. Berlin: Springer International Publishing; 2017. p. 3–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46679-8_1/COVER.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  73. Perisano C, Spinelli MS, Graci C, Scaramuzzo L, Marzetti E, Barone C, et al. Soft tissue metastases in lung cancer: a review of the literature. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2012;16:1908–14.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Tuoheti Y, Okada K, Osanai T, Nishida J, Ehara S, Hashimoto M, et al. Skeletal muscle metastases of carcinoma: a clinicopathological study of 12 cases. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2004;34:210–4. https://doi.org/10.1093/JJCO/HYH036.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Ozturk M, Cinka H, Polat AV, Say F, Selcuk MB. Primary muscle lymphoma in an elderly patient: ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging findings. Am J Diagn Imaging. 2019;5:1–3. https://doi.org/10.5455/ajdi.20181001021931.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Chiou HJ, Chou YH, Chiou SY, Chen WM, Chen W, Wan HK, et al. Superficial soft-tissue lymphoma: sonographic appearance and early survival. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2006;32:1287–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ULTRASMEDBIO.2006.05.011.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Ruzek KA, Wenger DE. The multiple faces of lymphoma of the musculoskeletal system. Skeletal Radiol. 2004;33:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00256-003-0709-Y.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Ozturk, M., Peker, A., Gurun, E., Polat, A.V. (2023). Soft Parts: Malignant Pathology. In: Marsico, S., Solano, A. (eds) Elastography of the Musculoskeletal System . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31054-6_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31054-6_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-31053-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-31054-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics