Skip to main content

Employee Perceptions of Electronic Performance Monitoring: A Multi-Level Analysis

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Smart Technologies for Organizations

Abstract

Research on Electronic Performance Monitoring (EPM) has taken an integrative perspective toward employee perception of the technology without consideration of the effect of organizational culture and specifically subcultures on the acceptance of an EPM system. There is a dearth of literature on the interplay between subcultures and how organizational mechanisms enforce a dominant culture to facilitate the acceptance of IT systems. In this paper, we address the gap through a differential perspective of organizational culture and its effect on the acceptance of EPM systems. We conduct a case study of two multi-cultural organizations: one in Qatar and another in the US, and examine the influence of the dominant culture on the design of the EPM system and how organizational mechanisms facilitate acceptance by the different subcultures. Our study demonstrates the importance of incorporating a subunit level of analysis when examining EPM systems and the different mechanisms that can help reshape employee perceptions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Alge, B.J. (2001). Effects of computer surveillance on perceptions of privacy and procedural justice. Journal of Applied Psychology 86(4), 797. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.86.4.797.

  2. Pierce, L., Snow, D. C., & McAfee, A. (2015). Cleaning house: The impact of information technology monitoring on employee theft and productivity. Management Science, 61(10), 2299–2319. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2014.2103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Wells, D. L., Moorman, R. H., & Werner, J. M. (2007). The impact of the perceived purpose of electronic performance monitoring on an array of attitudinal variables. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 18(1), 121–138. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.1194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Alder, G. S., et al. (2008). Employee reactions to internet monitoring: The moderating role of ethical orientation. Journal of Business Ethics 80(3), 481–498. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007A10551-007-9432-2.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Wen, H. J., Schwieger, D., and Gershuny, P. (2007). Internet usage monitoring in the workplace: Its legal challenges and implementation strategies. Information Systems Management 24(2), 185–196. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10580530701221072.

  6. Holt, M., Lang, B., & Sutton, S. G. (2017). Potential employees’ ethical perceptions of active monitoring: The dark side of data analytics. Journal of Information Systems, 31(2), 107–124. https://doi.org/10.2308/isys-51580

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Decramer, A., Smolders, C., & Vanderstraeten, A. (2013). Employee performance management culture and system features in higher education: Relationship with employee performance management satisfaction. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(2), 352–371. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2012.680602

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Hamilton, R.H., Sodeman, W.A. (2020). The questions we ask: Opportunities and challenges for using big data analytics to strategically manage human capital resources. Business Horizons, 63 (1), 85–95. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2019.10.001.

  9. Tomczak, D. L., Lanzo, L. A., & Aguinis, H. (2018). Evidence-based recommendations for employee performance monitoring. Business Horizons, 61(2), 251–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2017.11.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Bhave, D. P., Teo, L. H., & Dalal, R. S. (2020). Privacy at work: A review and a research agenda for a contested terrain. Journal of Management., 46(1), 127–164. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206319878254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Angrave, D., et al. (2016). HR and analytics: Why HR is set to fail the big data challenge. Human Resource Management Journal 26(1), 1–11. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12090.

  12. Aiello, J. R., & Kolb, K. J. (1995). Electronic performance monitoring and social context: Impact on productivity and stress. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80(3), 339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Alder, G. S. (2001). Employee reactions to electronic performance monitoring: A consequence of organizational culture. The Journal of High Technology Management Research 12 (2), 323–342. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1047-8310(01)00042-6.

  14. Panina, D., & Aiello, J. R. (2005). Acceptance of electronic monitoring and its consequences in different cultural contexts: A conceptual model. Journal of International Management, 11(2), 269–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2005.03.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Veiga, J. F., Floyd, S., & Dechant, K. (2001). Towards modelling the effects of national culture on IT implementation and acceptance. Journal of Information technology, 16(3), 145–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/02683960110063654

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Straub, D., et al. (2002). Toward a theory-based measurement of culture. Journal of Global Information Management (JGIM) 10 (1), 13–23.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Niehoff, B. P., & Moorman, R. H. (1993). Justice as a mediator of the relationship between methods of monitoring and organizational citizenship behavior. Academy of Management journal, 36(3), 527–556.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Moorman, R. H., & Wells, D. L. (2003). Can electronic performance monitoring be fair? Exploring relationships among monitoring characteristics, perceived fairness, and job performance. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 10(2), 2–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Bijker, W. E., Hughes, T. P., Pinch, T. (1987). The social construction of technological systems. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Orlikowski, W. J., & Gash, D. C. (1994). Technological frames: Making sense of information technology in organizations. ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 12(2), 174–207. https://doi.org/10.1145/196734.196745

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Jackson, M. H., Poole, M. S., & Kuhn, T. (2002) The social construction of technology in studies of the workplace. In: Handbook of new media: Social shaping and consequences of ICTs (pp. 236–253).

    Google Scholar 

  22. Pinch, T. J., & Bijker, W. E. (1984). The social construction of facts and artefacts: Or how the sociology of science and the sociology of technology might benefit each other. Social studies of science, 14(3), 399–441.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Weber, Y., Pliskin, N. (1996). The effects of information systems integration and organizational culture on a firm's effectiveness. Information & Management 30 (2), 81–90. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-7206(95)00046-1. ISSN 0378-7206

  24. Bartis, E., & Mitev, N. (2008). A multiple narrative approach to information systems failure: A successful system that failed. European Journal of Information Systems, 17(2), 112–124. https://doi.org/10.1057/ejis.2008.3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Gallivan, M., Srite, M. (2005). Information technology and culture: Identifying fragmentary and holistic perspectives of culture. Information and Organization 15, 295–338. https://doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoandorg.2005.02.005.

  26. Alder, G., & Tompkins, P. (1997). Electronic performance monitoring. Management Communication Quarterly, 10, 259–288. https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318997010003001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Al-, M., & Sherif, K. (2018). Employee perceptions of fairness toward IoT monitoring. VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems, 48(4), 504–516. https://doi.org/10.1108/VJIKMS-01-2018-0007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Stanton, J. M. (2000). Reactions to employee performance monitoring: Framework, review, and research directions. Human Performance, 13(1), 85–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Zweig, D., & Webster, J. (2002). Where is the line between benign and invasive? An examination of psychological barriers to the acceptance of awareness monitoring systems. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 23(5), 605–633. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Amick, B. C., & Smith, M. J. (1992). Stress, computer-based work monitoring and measurement systems: A conceptual overview. Applied Ergonomics, 23, 6–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-6870(92)90005-g

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Cooke, R., & Rousseau, D. (1988). Behavioral norms and expectations: A quantitative approach to the assessment of organizational culture. Group and Organizational Studies, 13, 245–273. https://doi.org/10.1177/105960118801300302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Wilkins, A. L., & Ouchi, W. G. (1983). Efficient cultures: exploring the relationship between culture and organizational performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 28(9), 468–481. https://doi.org/10.2307/2392253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Schein, E. H. (1986). What you need to know about organizational culture. Training & Development Journal 40(1), 30–33. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1986-28753-001.

  34. Karahanna, E., Evaristo, R., & Srite, M. (2005). Levels of culture and individual behaviour: An integrative perspective. Journal of Global Information Management., 13(2), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.4018/jgim.2005040101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Fong, S., & Shaffer, M. (2003). The dimensionality and determinants of pay satisfaction: A cross-cultural investigation of a group incentive plan. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 14, 559–580. https://doi.org/10.1080/0958519032000057592

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Fischer, R., & Smith, P. (2004). Values and organizational justice: Performance- and seniority based allocation criteria in the United Kingdom and Germany. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35, 669–688. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022104270110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Kim, T., & Leung, K. (2007). Forming and reacting to overall fairness: A cross-cultural comparison. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 104, 83–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2007.01.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Long, C., Bendersky, C., & Morrill, C. (2011). Fairness monitoring: Linking managerial controls and fairness judgments in organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 54, 1045–1106. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2011.0008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Jeng, V., & Ross, W. H. (2005). The managerial decision to implement electronic surveillance at work: A research framework. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 13(3), 244–268. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb029006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Yang, I. (2015). Cross-cultural perceptions of clan control in Korean multinational companies: A conceptual investigation of employees’ fairness monitoring based on cultural values. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 26(8), 1076–1097. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2014.922600

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Zakaria, N., Stanton, J. M., & Sarkar-Barney, S. T. (2003). Designing and implementing culturally-sensitive IT applications: The interaction of culture values and privacy issues in the Middle East. Information Technology & People, 16(1), 49–75. https://doi.org/10.1108/09593840310463023

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Sherif, K., Jewesimi, O., & El-, M. (2020). Empowering employees: The other side of electronic performance monitoring. Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society, 19(2), 207–221. https://doi.org/10.1108/JICES-04-2020-0038

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Rocha Flores, W., Antonsen, E., & Ekstedt, M. (2014). Information security knowledge sharing in organizations: Investigating the effect of behavioral information security governance and national culture. Computers & Security, 4390–110. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2014.03.004.

  44. Matejka, J. K., & Liebowitz, S. J. (1989). A commitment to Ex-sell. Manage, 40(4), 2–6.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Nutt, P. C. (1996). Views of implementation approaches by top managers in health service technologies: the case of electronic surveillance. Journal of Business Ethics 10, 519–526. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10157962/.

  46. Grant, R., & Higgins, C. (1989). Monitoring service workers via computer: The effect on employees, productivity, and service. National Productivity Review, 8, 101–112. https://doi.org/10.1002/npr.4040080203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Vaught, B. C., Taylor, R. E., & Vaught, S. F. (2000). The attitudes of managers regarding the electronic monitoring of employee behavior: Procedural and ethical considerations. American Business Review, 18, 107–114. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244015580168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Tayeb, M. (1994). Organizations and national culture: Methodology considered. Organization Studies., 15(3), 429–445. https://doi.org/10.1177/017084069401500306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Janz, B. D., & Wetherbe, J. C. (1998). Information technology, culture, and learning at Federal Express. Journal of Global Information Technology Management, 1(1), 17–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/1097198X.1998.10856222

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Klein, H. K., & Kleinman, D. L. (2002). The social construction of technology: Structural considerations. Science, Technology, & Human Values., 27(1), 28–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/016224390202700102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Wilson, M., & Howcroft, D. (2005). Power, politics and persuasion in IS evaluation: a focus on relevant social groups. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems 14(1), 17–43. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2004.11.007. ISSN 0963-8687.

  52. Krippendorff, K. (1980). Content analysis an introduction to its Methodology. Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  53. King, N. (2004). Using templates in the thematic analysis of text. In C. Cassell & G. Symon (Eds.), Essential guide to qualitative methods in organizational research. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Dailan, & Aldulaimi, S. (2011). Examining national culture of Qatar. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 5(10), 727–735. ISSN 1991-8178

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mazen El-Masri .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Sherif, K., El-Masri, M. (2023). Employee Perceptions of Electronic Performance Monitoring: A Multi-Level Analysis. In: Dal Zotto, C., Omidi, A., Aoun, G. (eds) Smart Technologies for Organizations. Lecture Notes in Information Systems and Organisation, vol 60. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24775-0_16

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics