Abstract
Energy geostructures are a special type of closed Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) system in which heat exchange pipes are installed in the foundation elements (e.g., piles, walls) to extract or inject thermal energy from/to the ground. Due to its dual function and high-energy efficiency, this technology is an alternative to reduce the environmental impact of the growing energy demand for space conditioning while avoiding the high initial cost of traditional GSHP systems. This chapter summarizes the basic concepts of energy geostructures, with emphasis on energy piles, including heat transfer mechanism, site investigations procedures, thermal and mechanical analysis approaches. Additionally, the chapter discusses the most recent design considerations and some construction recommendations.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
García A, Martínez I (2012) Estado actual de desarrollo de las Bombas de Calor Geotérmico. Geotermia 25(2):58–68
Lee S, Park S, Ahn D, Choi H (2022) Thermal performance of novel cast-in-place energy piles equipped with multipurpose steel pipe heat exchangers (SPHXs). Geothermics 102:102389
Cherati DY, Ghasemi-Fare O (2021) Practical approaches for implementation of energy piles in Iran based on the lessons learned from the developed countries experiences. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 140:110748
Brandl H (2013) Thermo-active ground-source structures for heating and cooling. Procedia Eng 57:9–18
Brandl H (2006) Energy foundations and other thermo-active ground structures. Géotechnique 56(2):81–122
Asociación Técnica Española de Climatización y Refrigeración (ATECYR) (2012) Guía Técnica de Diseño de Sistemas de Intercambio Geotérmico de Circuito Cerrado. Instituto para la Diversificación y Ahorro de la Energía, Madrid
Suryatriyastuti ME, Mroueh H, Burlon S (2012) Understanding the temperature-induced mechanical behaviour of energy pile foundations. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 16(5):3344–3354
De Moel M, Bach PM, Bouazza A, Singh RM, Sun JO (2010) Technological advances and applications of geothermal energy pile foundations and their feasibility in Australia. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 14(9):2683–2696
Sanner B (2001) Shallow geothermal energy. Geo-Heat Center Bull 22(2):19–25
Kovačević MS, Bačić M, Arapov I (2013) Possibilities of underground engineering for the use of shallow geothermal energy. Gradevinar 64(12):1019–1028
Florides G, Kalogirou S (2007) Ground heat exchangers—a review of systems, models and applications. Renew Energy 32(15):2461–2478
Aresti L, Christodoulides P, Florides G (2018) A review of the design aspects of ground heat exchangers. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 92:757–773
Cui P, Man Y, Fang Z (2015) Geothermal heat pumps. In: Yan J (ed) Handbook of clean energy systems. Wiley, pp 1–22
Loveridge F, Powrie W (2013) Temperature response functions (G-functions) for single pile heat exchangers. Energy 57:554–564
Mimouni T (2014) Thermomechanical Characterization of Energy Geostructures with Emphasis on Energy Piles. PhD thesis, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne
Sekaine K, Ooka R, Yokoi M, Shiba Y, Hwang S (2007) Development of a ground source heat pump system with Ground heat exchanger utilizing the cast-in-place concrete pile foundations of a building. ASHRAE Trans 113:558–566
Soga K, Rui Y (2016) Energy geostructures. In: Rees SJ (ed) Advances in ground-source heat pump systems. Woodhead Publishing, pp 185–221
Park S, Sung C, Jung K, Sohn B, Chauchois A, Choi H (2015) Constructability and heat exchange efficiency of large diameter cast-in-place energy piles with various configurations of heat exchange pipe. Appl Therm Eng 90:1061–1071
Carotenuto A, Marotta P, Massarotti N, Mauro A, Normino G (2017) Energy piles for ground source heat pump applications: comparison of heat transfer performance for different design and operating parameters. Appl Therm Eng 124:1492–1504
Laloui L, Di Donna A (2011) Understanding the behaviour of energy geo-structures. Proc ICE-Civ Eng 164:184–191
Adam D, Markiewicz R (2009) Energy from earth-coupled structures, foundations, tunnels and sewers. Géotechnique 59(3):229–236
Pahud D, Hubbuch M (2007) Measured thermal performances of the energy pile system of the dock midfield at Zürich Airport. In: Proceedings European geothermal congress, unterhaching, Germany, 30 May–1 June 2007
Laloui L, Nuth M, Vulliet L (2006) Experimental and numerical investigations of the behaviour of a heat exchanger pile. Int J Numer Anal Meth Geomech 30(8):763–781
Mimouni T, Laloui L (2015) Behaviour of a group of energy piles. Can Geotech J 52(12):1913–1929
Fisch MN, Himmler R (2005) International solar centre, berlin-a comprehensive energy design. In: Proceedings of the fifth international conference for enhanced building operations, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 11–13 October 2005
Lennon DJ, Watt E, Suckling TP (2008) Energy piles in Scotland. In: Van Impe P (ed) Van Impe WF. Deep foundations on bored and auger piles-BAP V, CRC Press, pp 361–368
Bourne-Webb PJ, Amatya B, Soga K, Amis T, Davidson C, Payne P (2009) Energy pile test at Lambeth College, London: geotechnical and thermodynamic aspects of pile response to heat cycles. Géotechnique 59(3):237–248
Laloui L, Rotta-Loria A (2019) Analysis and design of energy geostructures: theoretical essentials and practical application. Academic Press
Abdelaziz SL, Olgun CG, Martin JR (2011) Design and operational considerations of geothermal energy piles. In: Geo-Frontiers 2011. Advances in geotechnical engineering, Dallas, Texas, 13–16 March 2011
Chiasson AD, Rees SJ, Spitler JD (2000) A preliminary assessment of the effects of groundwater flow on closed-loop ground source heat pump systems. ASHRAE Trans 106(1):DA-00-13-5(4365)
Li M, Lai AC (2015) Review of analytical models for heat transfer by vertical ground heat exchangers (GHEs): a perspective of time and space scales. Appl Energy 151:178–191
Li M, Zhu K, Fang Z (2016) Analytical methods for thermal analysis of vertical ground heat exchangers. In: Rees SJ (ed) Advances in ground-source heat pump systems. Woodhead Publishing, pp 157–183
Freitas R (2014) Thermal and thermal-mechanical analysis of thermo-active pile foundations civil engineering. MSc thesis, Instituto Superior Técnico de Lisboa
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) (2011) ASHRAE handbook: HVAC applications. ASHRAE, Atlanta, GA
Loveridge F (2012) The thermal performance of foundation piles used as heat exchangers in ground energy systems. PhD thesis, University of Southampton
Jaeger JC, Carlslaw HS (1959) Conduction of heat in solids. Clarendon P Oxford, UK
Zeng H, Diao N, Fang Z (2003) Heat transfer analysis of boreholes in vertical ground heat exchangers. Int J Heat Mass Transf 46(23):4467–4481
Ingersoll LR, Zabel OJ, Ingersoll AC (1954) Heat conduction with engineering, geological, and other applications. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin
Diao N, Li Q, Fang Z (2004) Heat transfer in ground heat exchangers with groundwater advection. Int J Therm Sci 43(12):1203–1211
Ozisik MN (1993) Heat conduction. Wiley, New York
Spitler JD, Bernier M (2016) Vertical borehole ground heat exchanger design methods. In: Rees SJ (ed) Advances in ground-source heat pump systems. Woodhead Publishing, pp 29–61
Eskilson P (1987) Thermal analysis of heat extraction boreholes. PhD thesis, Sweden: University of Lund
Yavuzturk C, Spitler JD, Rees SJ (1999) A transient two-dimensional finite volume model for the simulation of vertical U-tube ground heat exchangers. ASHRAE Trans 105(2):465–474
He M, Rees S, Shao L (2011) Simulation of a domestic ground source heat pump system using a three-dimensional numerical borehole heat exchanger model. J Build Perform Simul 4(2):141–155
Lee CK, Lam HN (2013) A simplified model of energy pile for ground-source heat pump systems. Energy 55:838–845
Gashti EHN, Uotinen VM, Kujala K (2014) Numerical modelling of thermal regimes in steel energy pile foundations: a case study. Energy Build 69:165–174
Dupray F, Laloui L, Kazangba A (2014) Numerical analysis of seasonal heat storage in an energy pile foundation. Comput Geotech 55:67–77
Laloui L, Moreni M, Fromentin A, Pahud D, Steinmann G (1999) Heat exchanger pile: effect of the thermal solicitations on its mechanical properties. Bull D’hydrogeologie 17:331–338
Bourne-Webb PJ, Soga K, Amatya B (2013) A framework for understanding energy pile behaviour. Geotech Eng 166(GE2):170–177
Amatya BL, Soga K, Bourne-Webb PJ, Amis T, Laloui L (2012) Thermo-mechanical behaviour of energy piles. Géotechnique 62(6):503–519
Murphy KD, McCartney JS, Henry KS (2015) Evaluation of thermo-mechanical and thermal behavior of full-scale energy foundations. Acta Geotech 10(2):179–195
Bourne-Webb PJ, Burlon S, Javed S, Kürten S, Loveridge F (2016) Analysis and design methods for energy geostructures. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 65:402–419
Makasis N, Narsilio GA, Bidarmaghz A (2018) A machine learning approach to energy pile design. Comput Geotech 97:189–203
López-Acosta NP, Barba-Galdámez DF (2022) Diseño térmico preliminar del primer proyecto de pilas de energía en México. In: López-Acosta NP, Martínez-Hernández E (eds) 5° Simposio internacional de cimentaciones profundas, sociedad mexicana de ingeniería geotécnica, México, pp 71–77
Bourne-Webb P, Pereira J-M, Bowers G, Mimouni T, Loveridge F, Burlon S, Olgun CG, McCartney JS, Sutman M (2014) Design tools for thermoactive geotechnical systems. DFI J: J Deep Found Inst 8(2):121–129
Verein Deutsecher Ingenieure (VDI) (2001) 4640. Part 2. Thermal use of the underground–ground source heat pump systems
Société suisse des Ingénieurs et des Architectes (SIA) (2005. Utilisation de la chaleur du sol par des ouvrages de fondation et de soutènement en béton. Guide pour la conception, la réalisation et la maintenance. Zurich, Switzerland
Ground Source Heat Pump Association (GSHPA) (2012) Thermal pile design, installation and materials standards. Ground Source Heat Pump Association, Milton Keynes, UK
CFMS-SYNTEC-SOFFONS-FNTP (2017) Recommandations pour la conception, le dimensionnement et la mise en úuvre des géostructures thermiques. Rev Fr Geotech 149:1–120
Kavanaugh S (1991) Ground and water source heat pumps. A manual for the design and installation of ground-coupled, ground water and lake water heating and cooling systems in southern climates. University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL
Kavanaugh S (1995) A decision method for commercial ground-coupled heat pumps (No. CONF-950624). American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia
Cullin JR, Spitler JD (2011) A computationally efficient hybrid time step methodology for simulation of ground heat exchangers. Geothermics 40(2):144–156
Javed S, Spitler JD (2016) Calculation of borehole thermal resistance. In: Rees SJ (ed) Advances in ground-source heat pump systems. Woodhead Publishing, pp 63–95
Claesson J, Javed S (2020) Explicit multipole formula for the local thermal resistance in an energy pile—the line-source approximation. Energies 13(20):5445
Kavanaugh S (2008) A 12-step method for closed-loop ground heat-pump design source. ASHRAE Trans 114(2):328–337
Fadejev J, Simson R, Kurnitski J, Haghighat F (2017) A review on energy piles design, sizing and modelling. Energy 122:390–407
International Ground Source Heat Pump Association (IGSHPA) (2009) Ground source heat pump residential and light commercial: design and installation guide. Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma, USA
Kavanaugh SP, Rafferty KD (2014) Geothermal heating and cooling: design of ground-source heat pump systems. ASHRAE, Atlanta, GA
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) (2015) ASHRAE Handbook e Applications. ASHRAE, Atlanta, GA
Rotta-Loria AF, Bocco M, Garbellini C, Muttoni A, Laloui L (2020) The role of thermal loads in the performance-based design of energy piles. Geomech Energy Environ 21:100153
Gulvanessian H (2001) EN1990 Eurocode-basis of structural design. Proc ICE-Civ Eng 144(6):8–13
Abdelaziz SL, Ozudogru TY (2016) Selection of the design temperature change for energy piles. Appl Therm Eng 107:1036–1045
Song H, Pei H, Zhou C, Zou D, Cui C (2022) Calculation of the representative temperature change for the thermomechanical design of energy piles. Geomech Energy Environ 29:100264
Loveridge F, Low J, Powrie W (2017) Site investigation for energy geostructures. Q J Eng GeolHydrogeol 50(2):158–168
Olgun CG, Ozudogru TY, Abdelaziz SL, Senol A (2015) Long-term performance of heat exchanger piles. Acta Geotech 10(5):553–569
Gashti EHN, Malaska M, Kujala K (2015) Analysis of thermo-active pile structures and their performance under groundwater flow conditions. Energy Build 105:1–8
Rotta Loria AF, Laloui L (2017) The equivalent pier method for energy pile groups. Géotechnique 67(8):691–702
Dong Y, McCartney JS, Lu N (2015) Critical review of thermal conductivity models for unsaturated soils. Geotech Geol Eng 33(2):207–221
Jia GS, Tao ZY, Meng XZ, Ma CF, Chai JC, Jin LW (2019) Review of effective thermal conductivity models of rock-soil for geothermal energy applications. Geothermics 77:1–11
López-Acosta NP, Zaragoza-Cardiel AI, Barba-Galdámez DF (2021) Determination of thermal conductivity properties of coastal soils for GSHPs and energy geostructures applications in Mexico. Energies 14:5479
López-Acosta NP, Portillo-Arreguín DM, Barba-Galdámez DF, Singh RM (2022) Thermal properties of soft clayey soils from the former Lake Texcoco in Mexico. Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment: 100376
Barry-Macaulay D, Bouazza A, Singh RM, Wang B, Ranjith PG (2013) Thermal conductivity of soils and rocks from the Melbourne (Australia) region. Eng Geol 164:131–138
Akrouch GA, Briaud J-L, Sanchez M, Yilmaz R (2016) Thermal cone test to determine soil thermal properties. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 142(3):04015085
Vieira A, Alberdi-Pagola M, Christodoulides P, Javed S, Loveridge F, Nguyen F et al (2017) Characterisation of ground thermal and thermo-mechanical behaviour for shallow geothermal energy applications. Energies 10(12):2044
Abuel-Naga H, Bergado D, Bouazza A, Pender M (2009) Thermal conductivity of soft Bangkok clay from laboratory and field measurements. Eng Geol 105:211–219
Farouki O (1981) Thermal properties of soils. CRREL Monograph 81-1. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH
Franco A, Conti P (2020) Clearing a path for ground heat exchange systems: a review on thermal response test (TRT) methods and a geotechnical routine test for estimating soil thermal properties. Energies 13(11):2965
IEA ECES (2013) Annex 21 thermal response test. Final report
Loveridge FA, Brettmann T, Olgun CG, Powrie W (2014) Assessing the applicability of thermal response testing to energy piles. In: Global perspectives on the sustainable execution of foundations works, Stockholm, Sweden, 21–23 May 2014
Low JE, Loveridge FA, Powrie W, Nicholson D (2015) A comparison of laboratory and in situ methods to determine soil thermal conductivity for energy foundations and other ground heat exchanger applications. Acta Geotech 10(2):209–218
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (2016) Standard test method for steady-state heat flux measurements and thermal transmission properties by means of the guarded-hot-plate apparatus. ASTM C177-13. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA
Kersten MS (1949) Laboratory research for the determination of the thermal properties of soils. ACFEL Technical Rep. 23. AD712516. Engineering Experiment Station, University of Minnesota
Mochlinski K (1964) Some industrial measurements of thermal properties of soil. International study group on soils, lectures at meeting in Cambridge, international study group on Soils, Cambridge
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (2015) Standard test method for steady-state thermal transmission properties by means of the heat flow meter apparatus. ASTM C518-15. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA
Scott RF (1969) The freezing process and mechanics of frozen ground. CRREL Monograph II-D1. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (2016) Standard test method for determination of thermal conductivity of soil and soft rock by thermal needle probe procedure. ASTM D5334-14. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA
De Vries DA, Peck AJ (1958) On the cylindrical probe method of measuring thermal conductivity with special reference to soils. Austr J Phys 11:409–423
Hoekstra P, Delaney A, Atkins R (1973) Measuring the thermal properties of cylindrical specimens by the use of sinusoidal temperature waves. CRREL Technical Report 244, AD770425. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH
Shannon WL, Wells WA (1947) Tests for thermal diffusivity of granular materials. Proc ASCE 47:1044–1055
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (2016) Standard specification for polyethylene (PE) plastic pipe (DR-PR) based on controlled outside diameter. ASTM D3035-15. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (2013) Standard specification for polyethylene (PE) plastic pipe (DRPR) based on outside diameter. ASTM F714-13. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (2014) Standard specification for polyethylene plastics pipe and fittings materials. ASTM D3350-14. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (2013) Standard test method for obtaining hydrostatic design basis for thermoplastic pipe materials or pressure design basis for thermoplastic pipe products. ASTM D2837-13. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (2013) Standard specification for polyethylene (PE) gas pressure pipe. Tubing, and fittings. ASTM D2513–13. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (2016) Standard specification for butt heat fusion polyethylene (PE) plastic fittings for polyethylene (PE) plastic pipe and tubing. ASTM D3261-16. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (2013) Standard test method for obtaining hydrostatic design basis for thermoplastic pipe materials or pressure design basis for thermoplastic pipe products. ASTM D2683-13. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (2016) Standard specification for electrofusion type polyethylene fittings for outside diameter controlled polyethylene and crosslinked polyethylene (PEX) pipe and tubing. ASTM F1055-16. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (2020) Standard specification for crosslinked polyethylene (PEX) tubing. ASTM F876-20. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (2020) Standard specification for crosslinked polyethylene (PEX) hot- and cold-water distribution systems. ASTM F877-20. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (2019) Standard specification for cold-expansion fittings with metal compression-sleeves for crosslinked polyethylene (PEX) pipe and SDR9 polyethylene of raised temperature (PE-RT) pipe. ASTM F2080-19. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (2016) Standard test methods for determination of gel content and swell ratio of crosslinked ethylene plastics. ASTM F2765-16. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (2021) Standard practice for field leak testing of polyethylene (PE) and crosslinked polyethylene (PEX) pressure piping systems using hydrostatic pressure. ASTM F2164-21. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
López-Acosta, N.P., Barba-Galdámez, D.F., Arizmendi-López, K.J. (2023). Energy Geostructures. In: Borge-Diez, D., Rosales-Asensio, E. (eds) Geothermal Heat Pump Systems. Green Energy and Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24524-4_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24524-4_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-24523-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-24524-4
eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)