Skip to main content

Surgical Treatment for Lung Cancer

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Airway diseases

Abstract

Lung cancer is the most common and one of the leading causes of death from cancer around the world according to the latest published data of “International Agency for Research on Cancer” (IARC) [1]. There are four major histologic types of lung cancer. These are squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, small cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma [2]. Successful treatment of lung cancer is related with early diagnosis and stage. Early diagnosis has increased with the widespread use of imaging methods, especially computed tomography (CT) and position emission tomography (PET) [3]. In this context, lung cancer screening has an important role in the detection of patients who can be cured with surgery. Stage IA-IIB non-small cell lung cancer is considered as an early stage according to the latest published eighth lung cancer tumor, node, and metastasis (TNM) classification [4]. These early-stage lung cancers constitute 20–25% of all lung cancers. The primary treatment of these groups is surgical resection due to the highest probability of cure. In some special situations, surgical indications are also present in stages III and IV. In this context, all patients should be carefully evaluated in terms of staging.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. World Health Organization [web site]. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Globocan 2018, Section of Cancer Information. Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide; 2018. Web site: http://globocan.iarc.fr/

  2. Travis WD, Brambilla E, Burke AP, et al. WHO classification of tumours of the lung, pleura, thymus and heart. 4th ed. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  3. National Lung Screening Trial Research Team, Aberle DR, Adams AM, Berg CD, Black WC, Clapp JD, Fagerstrom RM, Gareen IF, Gatsonis C, Marcus PM, Sicks JD. Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(5):395–409. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1102873. Epub 2011 Jun 29. PMID: 21714641; PMCID: PMC4356534

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Rami-Porta R, Asamura H, Travis WD, Rusch VW. Lung cancer – major changes in the American Joint Committee on Cancer eighth edition cancer staging manual. CA Cancer J Clin. 2017;67(2):138–55. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21390. Epub 2017 Jan 31

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, et al. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68:394–424.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Zhang L, Wu F, Zhu R et al. Mediastinal N Staging Assessment Working Group. Application of computed tomography, positron emission tomography-computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, endobronchial ultrasound, and mediastinoscopy in the diagnosis of mediastinal lymph node staging of non-small-cell lung cancer: a protocol for a systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99(9):e19314. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000019314.

  7. Ozturk A, Gullu YT. Excellence in non-small cell lung cancer staging by endobronchial-TBNA: comparison with PET-CT and surgery. Minim Invasive Ther Allied Technol. 2018;4:213–9.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Venissac N, Alifano M, Mouroux J. Video-assisted mediastinoscopy: experience from 240 consecutive cases. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;76:208–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Anraku M, Miyata R, Compeau C, Shargall Y. Video-assisted mediastinoscopy compared with conventional mediastinoscopy: are we doing better? Ann Thorac Surg. 2010;89:1577–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Adams K, Shah PL, Edmonds L, Lim E. Test performance of endobronchial ultrasound and transbronchial needle aspiration biopsy for mediastinal staging in patients with lung cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorax. 2009;64:757–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Chandra S, Nehra M, Agarwal D, Mohan A. Diagnostic accuracy of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle biopsy in mediastinal lymphadenopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Respir Care. 2012;57:384–91. GUIDELINE De Leyn P et al. Eur J Cardiothoracic Surg 797. Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/ejcts/article/45/5/787/407588 by guest on 19 October 2020.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Zhang R, Ying K, Shi L, Zhang L, Zhou L. Combined endobronchial and endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration for mediastinal lymph node staging of lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer. 2013;49:1860–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Shingyoji M, Nakajima T, Yoshino M, et al. Endobronchial ultrasonography for positron emission tomography and computed tomography– negative lymph node staging in non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. 2014;98:1762–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Herth FJ, Eberhardt R, Krasnik M, Ernst A. Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration of lymph nodes in the radiologically and positron emission tomography-normal mediastinum in patients with lung cancer. Chest. 2008;133:887–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Rami-Porta R, Wittekind C, Goldstraw P, International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) Staging Committee. Complete resection in lung cancer surgery: proposed definition. Lung Cancer. 2005;49(1):25–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2005.01.001. PMID: 15949587.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Darling GE, Allen MS, Decker PA, et al. Randomized trial of mediastinal lymph node sampling versus complete lymphadenectomy during pulmonary resection in the patient with N0 or N1 (less than hilar) non-small cell carcinoma: results of the American College of Surgery Oncology Group Z0030 Trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011;141:662–70.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Heineman DJ, Daniels JM, Schreurs WH. Clinical staging of NSCLC: current evidence and implications for adjuvant chemotherapy. Ther Adv Med Oncol. 2017;9:599–609.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Matsuoka H, Nishio W, Okada M, et al. Resection of chest wall invasion in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2004;26(6):1200–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Lee CY, Byun CS, Lee JG, et al. The prognostic factors of resected non-small cell lung cancer with chest wall invasion. World J Surg Oncol. 2012;10:9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7819-10-9. Published online 2012 Jan 12.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Ginsberg RJ, Rubinstein LV. Randomized trial of lobectomy versus limited resection for T1 N0 non-small cell lung cancer. Lung cancer study group. Ann Thorac Surg. 1995;60:615–22; discussion 622–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Gómez MT, Jiménez MF, Aranda JL, et al. The risk of bilobectomy compared with lobectomy: a retrospective analysis of a series of matched cases and controls. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2014;46(1):72–5. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezt521. Epub 2013 Nov 15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Li Z, Chen W, Xia M, et al. Sleeve lobectomy compared with pneumonectomy for operable centrally located non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Transl Lung Cancer Res. 2019;8(6):775–86. https://doi.org/10.21037/tlcr.2019.10.11.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Howington JA, Blum MG, Chang AC, et al. Treatment of stage I and II non-small cell lung cancer: diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2013;143(5 Suppl):e278S–313S.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Okada M, Yoshikawa K, Hatta T, Tsubota N. Is segmentectomy with lymph node assessment an alternative to lobectomy for non-small cell lung cancer of 2 cm or smaller? Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;71:956–60; discussion 961.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Schuchert MJ, Pettiford BL, Keely S, et al. Anatomic segmentectomy in the treatment of stage I nonsmall cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;84:926–32; discussion 932–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Detterbeck FC, Chansky K, Groome P et al. IASLC Staging and Prognostic Factors Committee, Advisory Boards, and Participating Institutions. The IASLC lung cancer staging project: methodology and validation used in the development of proposals for revision of the stage classification of NSCLC in the forthcoming (eighth) edition of the TNM classification of lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2016;11(9):1433–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2016.06.028. Epub 2016 Jul 21.

  27. Chan EG, Chan PG, Mazur SN et al. Outcomes with segmentectomy versus lobectomy in patients with clinical T1cN0M0 non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2020. pii: S0022-5223(20)30706-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.03.041.

  28. Mohiuddin K, Haneuse S, Sofer T, Swanson SJ et al. Relationship between margin distance and local recurrence among patients undergoing wedge resection for small (≤2 cm) non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014;147(4):1169–75; discussion 1175–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2013.11.056. Epub 2014 Jan 2.

  29. Moon Y, Lee KY, Park JK. The prognosis of invasive adenocarcinoma presenting as ground-glass opacity on chest computed tomography after sublobar resection. J Thorac Dis. 2017;9(10):3782–92.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Sagawa M, Oizumi H, Suzuki H, et al. A prospective 5-year follow-up study after limited resection for lung cancer with ground-glass opacity. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2018;53(4):849–56. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezx418.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Ramnath N, Dilling TJ, Harris LJ, et al. Treatment of stage III non-small cell lung cancer: diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2013;143(5 Suppl):314–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Wang Z, Gao SG, Xue Q, et al. Surgery of primary non-small cell lung cancer with oligometastasis: analysis of 172 cases. J Thorac Dis. 2018;10(12):6540–6. https://doi.org/10.21037/jtd.2018.11.125.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Ashworth AB, Senan S, Palma DA, et al. An individual patient data metaanalysis of outcomes and prognostic factors after treatment of oligometastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. Clin Lung Cancer. 2014;15(5):346–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Couñago F, Luna J, Guerrero LL, et al. Management of oligometastatic non-small cell lung cancer patients: current controversies and future directions. World J Clin Oncol. 2019;10(10):318–39.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Çağatay Çetinkaya .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Çetinkaya, Ç., Batırel, H.F. (2023). Surgical Treatment for Lung Cancer. In: Cingi, C., Yorgancıoğlu, A., Bayar Muluk, N., Cruz, A.A. (eds) Airway diseases. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22483-6_65-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22483-6_65-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-22482-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-22483-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics