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Recent Developments in the Treatment of Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections

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Infectious Diseases Drug Delivery Systems

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Abstract

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common infectious diseases among humans and account for over one million hospitalizations and $1.6 billion in medical costs per year in the United States. Bacterial etiologies are the most common cause of UTI, with uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) accounting for over 80% of all infections. The development of UTIs can be influenced by urinary tract anatomy, congenital anomalies, and bacterial pathogenic proteins.

Cystitis, urethritis, and pyelonephritis represent common UTIs that remain prevalent globally with symptoms including dysuria, frequency, urgency, suprapubic or flank pain, hematuria, and fever. Events that must occur between the host and the microbes for bacteria to colonize include adhesion to host cells, colonization of tissues, cellular invasion, and intracellular multiplication and dissemination. Current antibiotic guidelines to treat these infections depend on various comorbidities or infection etiology.

Treatment of UTIs caused by E. coli with standard antibiotics is becoming increasingly difficult due to antibiotic resistance. Alternative therapies in the treatment of UTIs caused by UPEC include anti-adhesion agents to disrupt biofilms, phage therapy, phytochemicals, nanomedicine, and natural remedies such as cranberry juice and probiotics. Creation of a vaccine may have the largest potential for protection, and there are several in development and in clinical trials around the world. The abundance of antigens as targets for vaccines makes the hope for an effective vaccine in the future seem possible.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA

    Caroline Kelmis, Ajay Varadhan & Jeffrey B. Brown

  2. Columbia University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York, NY, USA

    Katarina Stephan

  3. University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Tampa, FL, USA

    Charles Preuss

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  1. Caroline Kelmis
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  2. Katarina Stephan
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  3. Ajay Varadhan
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  4. Jeffrey B. Brown
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  5. Charles Preuss
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  1. CapnoPharm GmbH, Tübingen, Germany

    Ranjita Shegokar

  2. Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA

    Yashwant Pathak

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Kelmis, C., Stephan, K., Varadhan, A., Brown, J.B., Preuss, C. (2023). Recent Developments in the Treatment of Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections. In: Shegokar, R., Pathak, Y. (eds) Infectious Diseases Drug Delivery Systems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20521-7_17

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