Skip to main content

Abstract

Several imaging techniques can be adopted to image the female genital tract. The choice of the most suitable imaging approach and the related imaging protocols varies depending on the clinical indications and patient’s conditions. In this chapter, the role of each imaging method in the gynaecological setting will be briefly reviewed, as well as the most common pathologies, particularly considering those of interventional radiology interest.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Norton ME, Scoutt LM, Feldstein VA. Callen—Ecografia in ostetricia e ginecologia (Italian Edition). 6th ed. Milano: Edra; 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Mayer C, Deedwania P. Hysterosalpingogram. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2021

    Google Scholar 

  3. Potter AW, Chandrasekhar CA. US and CT evaluation of acute pelvic pain of gynecologic origin in nonpregnant premenopausal patients. Radiographics. 2008;28(6):1645–59. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.286085504.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Bennett GL, Slywotzky CM, Giovanniello G. Gynecologic causes of acute pelvic pain: spectrum of CT findings. Radiographics. 2002;22(4):785–801. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiographics.22.4.g02jl18785.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Cano Alonso R, Borruel Nacenta S, DĂ­ez MartĂ­nez P, MarĂ­a NI, IbĂ¡Ă±ez Sanz L, ZabĂ­a GE. Role of multidetector CT in the management of acute female pelvic disease. Emerg Radiol. 2009;16(6):453–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10140-009-0808-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Swart JE, Fishman EK. Gynecologic pathology on multidetector CT: a pictorial review. Emerg Radiol. 2008;15(6):383–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10140-008-0732-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Boscak AR, Shanmuganathan K, Mirvis SE, Fleiter TR, Miller LA, Sliker CW, Steenburg SD, Alexander M. Optimizing trauma multidetector CT protocol for blunt splenic injury: need for arterial and portal venous phase scans. Radiology. 2013;268(1):79–88. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.13121370.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Takeda A, Koike W, Imoto S, Nakamura H. Three-dimensional computerized tomographic angiography for diagnosis and management of intractable postpartum hemorrhage. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2014;176:104–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2014.02.026.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Iraha Y, Okada M, Iraha R, Azama K, Yamashiro T, Tsubakimoto M, Aoki Y, Murayama S. CT and MR Imaging of gynecologic emergencies. Radiographics. 2017;37(5):1569–86. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2017160170.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Borders RJ, Breiman RS, Yeh BM, Qayyum A, Coakley FV. Computed tomography of corpus luteal cysts. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2004;28(3):340–2. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004728-200405000-00006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Lucey BC, Varghese JC, Anderson SW, Soto JA. Spontaneous hemoperitoneum: a bloody mess. Emerg Radiol. 2007;14(2):65–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10140-007-0594-0.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Bazot M, DaraĂ¯ E. Diagnosis of deep endometriosis: clinical examination, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, and other techniques. Fertil Steril. 2017;108(6):886–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.10.026.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Smorgick N, Maymon R. Assessment of adnexal masses using ultrasound: a practical review. Int J Women’s Health. 2014;6:857–63. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S47075.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Bonde AA, Korngold EK, Foster BR, Fung AW, Sohaey R, Pettersson DR, Guimaraes AR, Coakley FV. Radiological appearances of corpus luteum cysts and their imaging mimics. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2016;41(11):2270–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-016-0780-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Levine D, Brown DL, Andreotti RF, Benacerraf B, Benson CB, et al. Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound. Management of asymptomatic ovarian and other adnexal cysts imaged at US Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound consensus conference statement. Ultrasound Q. 2010;26(3):121–31. https://doi.org/10.1097/RUQ.0b013e3181f09099.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Di Serafino M, Iacobellis F, SchillirĂ² ML, Verde F, Grimaldi D, Dell’Aversano Orabona G, Caruso M, Sabatino V, Rinaldo C, Cantisani V, Vallone G, Romano L. Pelvic Pain in Reproductive Age: US Findings. Diagnostics (Basel). 2022;12(4):939. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12040939. PMID: 35453987; PMCID: PMC9026765.

  17. Tonolini M, Foti PV, Costanzo V, Mammino L, Palmucci S, Cianci A, Ettorre GC, Basile A. Cross-sectional imaging of acute gynaecologic disorders: CT and MRI findings with differential diagnosis-part I: corpus luteum and haemorrhagic ovarian cysts, genital causes of haemoperitoneum and adnexal torsion. Insights Imaging. 2019;10(1):119. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13244-019-0808-5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Buy JN, Ghossain M, Gynecological imaging. In: Complications of adnexal masses. Springer-Verlag Berlin 2013, pp. 723-756 doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31012-6.

  19. Siegelman ES, Oliver ER. MR imaging of endometriosis: ten imaging pearls. Radiographics. 2012;32(6):1675–91. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.326125518.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Foti PV, Farina R, Palmucci S, et al. Endometriosis: clinical features, MR imaging findings and pathologic correlation. Insights Imaging. 2018;9(2):149–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13244-017-0591-0.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Levine D. Ectopic pregnancy. Radiology. 2007;245(2):385–97. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2452061031.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Kao LY, Scheinfeld MH, Chernyak V, Rozenblit AM, Oh S, Dym RJ. Beyond ultrasound: CT and MRI of ectopic pregnancy. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;202(4):904–11. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.13.10644.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Lin EP, Bhatt S, Dogra VS. Diagnostic clues to ectopic pregnancy. Radiographics. 2008;28(6):1661–71. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.286085506.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Parker RA 3rd, Yano M, Tai AW, Friedman M, Narra VR, Menias CO. MR imaging findings of ectopic pregnancy: a pictorial review. Radiographics. 2012;32(5):1445–60; ; discussion 1460–2. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.325115153.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Litwicka K, Greco E. Caesarean scar pregnancy: a review of management options. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2011;23(6):415–21. https://doi.org/10.1097/GCO.0b013e32834cef0c.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Kirk E, Bourne T. Ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynaecol Reprod Med. 2011;21(7):207–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Wu R, Klein MA, Mahboob S, Gupta M, Katz DS. Magnetic resonance imaging as an adjunct to ultrasound in evaluating cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy. J Clin Imaging Sci. 2013;3:16. https://doi.org/10.4103/2156-7514.109758.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Lowe LH, Marchant TC, Rivard DC, Scherbel AJ. Vascular malformations: classification and terminology the radiologist needs to know. Semin Roentgenol. 2012;47(2):106–17. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ro.2011.11.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Gloviczki P, Duncan A, Kalra M, Oderich G, Ricotta J, Bower T, McKusick M, Bjarnason H, Driscoll D. Vascular malformations: an update. Perspect Vasc Surg Endovasc Ther. 2009;21(2):133–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/1531003509343019.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Dahlgren LS, Effer SB, McGillivray BC, Pugash DJ. Pregnancy with uterine vascular malformations associated with hemorrhagic hereditary telangiectasia: a case report. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2006;28(8):720–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Grivell RM, Reid KM, Mellor A. Uterine arteriovenous malformations: a review of the current literature. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2005;60(11):761–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ogx.0000183684.67656.ba.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Rebarber A, Fox NS, Eckstein DA, Lookstein RA, Saltzman DH. Successful bilateral uterine artery embolization during an ongoing pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;113(2 Pt 2):554–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e318193bfdf.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Thabet A, Kalva SP, Liu B, Mueller PR, Lee SI. Interventional radiology in pregnancy complications: indications, technique, and methods for minimizing radiation exposure. Radiographics. 2012;32(1):255–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Aziz N, Lenzi TA, Jeffrey RB, et al. Postpartum uterine arteriovenous fistula. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;103:1076–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization. Maternal mortality in 2000: estimates developed by WHO, UNICEF, and UNFPA. Geneva: WHO; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Goldstein RB, Bree RL, Benson CB, Benacerraf BR, Bloss JD, Carlos R, Fleischer AC, Goldstein SR, Hunt RB, Kurman RJ, Kurtz AB, Laing FC, Parsons AK, Smith-Bindman R, Walker J. Evaluation of the woman with postmenopausal bleeding: Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound-Sponsored Consensus Conference statement. J Ultrasound Med. 2001;20(10):1025–36. https://doi.org/10.7863/jum.2001.20.10.1025.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Vijayakumar A, Srinivas A, Chandrashekar BM, Vijayakumar A. Uterine vascular lesions. Rev Obstet Gynecol. 2013;6(2):69–79.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Gonsalves M, Belli A. The role of interventional radiology in obstetric hemorrhage. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2010;33(5):887–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00270-010-9864-4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Ganguli S, Stecker MS, Pyne D, Baum RA, Fan CM. Uterine artery embolization in the treatment of postpartum uterine hemorrhage. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2011;22(02):169–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Sellmyer MA, Desser TS, Maturen KE, Jeffrey RB Jr, Kamaya A. Physiologic, histologic, and imaging features of retained products of conception. Radiographics. 2013;33(3):781–96. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.333125177.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Rath WH. Postpartum hemorrhage--update on problems of definitions and diagnosis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2011;90(5):421–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0412.2011.01107.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Panelli DM, Phillips CH, Brady PC. Incidence, diagnosis and management of tubal and nontubal ectopic pregnancies: a review. Fertil Res Pract. 2015;1:15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40738-015-0008-z.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Chetty M, Elson J. Treating non-tubal ectopic pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2009;23(4):529–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2008.12.011.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Vela G, Tulandi T. Cervical pregnancy: the importance of early diagnosis and treatment. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2007;14(4):481–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmig.2006.11.012.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Yu B, Douglas NC, Guarnaccia MM, et al. Uterine artery embolization as an adjunctive measure to decrease blood loss prior to evacuating a cervical pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2009;279:721–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Andreotti RF, Fleischer AC. The sonographic diagnosis of adenomyosis. Ultrasound Q. 2005;21(3):167–70. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ruq.0000174751.34633.9a.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Chopra S, Lev-Toaff AS, Ors F, Bergin D. Adenomyosis: common and uncommon manifestations on sonography and magnetic resonance imaging. J Ultrasound Med. 2006;25(5):617–27; ; quiz 629. https://doi.org/10.7863/jum.2006.25.5.617.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Savelli L. Ultrasound evaluation of the female internal genitalia—EFSUMB course book. London: EFSUMB; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Cunningham RK, Horrow MM, Smith RJ, Springer J. Adenomyosis: a sonographic diagnosis. Radiographics. 2018;38(5):1576–89. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2018180080.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Leyendecker G, Bilgicyildirim A, Inacker M, et al. Adenomyosis and endometriosis. Re-visiting their association and further insights into the mechanisms of auto-traumatisation. An MRI study. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2015;291(4):917–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-014-3437-8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Buy JN, Ghossain M, Benign and malignant mesechymal tumors of the uterus, In: Gynecological imaging; Springer-Verlag Berlin; 597-638 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Woźniak A, Woźniak S. Ultrasonography of uterine leiomyomas. Prz Menopauzalny. 2017;16(4):113–7. https://doi.org/10.5114/pm.2017.72754.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Wilde S, Scott-Barrett S. Radiological appearances of uterine fibroids. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2009;19(3):222–31. https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-3026.54887.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Deshmukh SP, Gonsalves CF, Guglielmo FF, Mitchell DG. Role of MR imaging of uterine leiomyomas before and after embolization. Radiographics. 2012;32(6):E251–81. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.326125517.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Maciel C, Tang YZ, Sahdev A, Madureira AM, Vilares MP. Preprocedural MRI and MRA in planning fibroid embolization. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2017;23(2):163–71. https://doi.org/10.5152/dir.2016.16623.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Khan AT, Shehmar M, Gupta JK. Uterine fibroids: current perspectives. Int J Women’s Health. 2014;6:95–114. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S51083.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Salim S, Won H, Nesbitt-Hawes E, Campbell N, Abbott J. Diagnosis and management of endometrial polyps: a critical review of the literature. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2011;18(5):569–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmig.2011.05.018.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Buy JN, Ghossain M. Benign and malignant endometrium, In: Gynecological imaging; Springer-Verlag Berlin; 549-588 2013

    Google Scholar 

  59. Balcacer P, Cooper KA, Huber S, Spektor M, Pahade JK, Israel GM. Magnetic resonance imaging features of endometrial polyps: frequency of occurrence and interobserver reliability. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2018;42(5):721–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/RCT.0000000000000765.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Buy JN, Ghossain M. Benign diseases of the cervix. In: Gynecological imaging; Springer-Verlag Berlin; 653-661 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Barwick TD, Rockall AG, Barton DP, Sohaib SA. Imaging of endometrial adenocarcinoma. Clin Radiol. 2006;61(7):545–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crad.2006.03.011.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Stamatellos I, Stamatopoulos P, Bontis J. The role of hysteroscopy in the current management of the cervical polyps. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2007;276(4):299–303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-007-0417-2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Bhatla N, Berek JS, Cuello Fredes M, Denny LA, Grenman S, Karunaratne K, Kehoe ST, Konishi I, Olawaiye AB, Prat J, Sankaranarayanan R, Brierley J, Mutch D, Querleu D, Cibula D, Quinn M, Botha H, Sigurd L, Rice L, Ryu HS, Ngan H, Mäenpää J, Andrijono A, Purwoto G, Maheshwari A, Bafna UD, Plante M, Natarajan J. Revised FIGO staging for carcinoma of the cervix uteri. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2019;145(1):129–35. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.12749. Erratum in: Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2019;147(2):279–280.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Merz J, Bossart M, Bamberg F, Eisenblaetter M. Revised FIGO staging for cervical cancer—a new role for MRI. Rofo. 2020;192(10):937–44. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1198-5729. English, German.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Manganaro L, Lakhman Y, Bharwani N, Gui B, Gigli S, Vinci V, Rizzo S, Kido A, Cunha TM, Sala E, Rockall A, Forstner R, Nougaret S. Staging, recurrence and follow-up of uterine cervical cancer using MRI: updated guidelines of the European Society of Urogenital Radiology after revised FIGO staging 2018. Eur Radiol. 2021;31(10):7802–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-07632-9. Erratum in: Eur Radiol. 2021; Carcinoma and other tumors of the cervix, gynecological imaging, chapter 28, Springer.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Iacobellis F, Perillo A, Iadevito I, Tanga M, Romano L, Grassi R, Nicola R, Scaglione M. Imaging of oncologic emergencies. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 2018;39(2):151–66. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.sult.2017.12.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Andreotti RF, Timmerman D, Strachowski LM, Froyman W, Benacerraf BR, Bennett GL, Bourne T, Brown DL, Coleman BG, Frates MC, Goldstein SR, Hamper UM, Horrow MM, Hernanz-Schulman M, Reinhold C, Rose SL, Whitcomb BP, Wolfman WL, Glanc P. O-RADS US risk stratification and management system: a consensus guideline from the ACR ovarian-adnexal reporting and data system committee. Radiology. 2020;294(1):168–85. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2019191150.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Bhosale PR, Javitt MC, Atri M, Harris RD, Kang SK, Meyer BJ, Pandharipande PV, Reinhold C, Salazar GM, Shipp TD, Simpson L, Sussman BL, Uyeda J, Wall DJ, Zelop CM, Glanc P. ACR appropriateness criteria® acute pelvic pain in the reproductive age group. Ultrasound Q. 2016;32(2):108–15. https://doi.org/10.1097/RUQ.0000000000000200.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Sasaki KJ, Miller CE. Adnexal torsion: review of the literature. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2014;21(2):196–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmig.2013.09.010.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Moro F, Bolomini G, Sibal M, Vijayaraghavan SB, Venkatesh P, Nardelli F, Pasciuto T, Mascilini F, Pozzati F, Leone FPG, Josefsson H, Epstein E, Guerriero S, Scambia G, Valentin L, Testa AC. Imaging in gynecological disease (20): clinical and ultrasound characteristics of adnexal torsion. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2020;56(6):934–43. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.21981.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Caprio MG, Di Serafino M, De Feo A, Guerriero E, et al. Ultrasonographic and multimodal imaging of pediatric genital female diseases. J Ultrasound. 2019;22(3):273–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40477-019-00358-5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Lourenco AP, Swenson D, Tubbs RJ, Lazarus E. Ovarian and tubal torsion: imaging findings on US, CT, and MRI. Emerg Radiol. 2014;21(2):179–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10140-013-1163-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Sayasneh A, Ekechi C, Ferrara L, Kaijser J, Stalder C, Sur S, Timmerman D, Bourne T. The characteristic ultrasound features of specific types of ovarian pathology (review). Int J Oncol. 2015;46(2):445–58. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2014.2764.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Curry A, Williams T, Penny ML. Pelvic inflammatory disease: diagnosis, management, and prevention. Am Fam Physician. 2019;100(6):357–64.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Kitaya K, Takeuchi T, Mizuta S, Matsubayashi H, Ishikawa T. Endometritis: new time, new concepts. Fertil Steril. 2018;110(3):344–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.04.012.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Ney B, Diserens C, Vial Y, Mazzolai L. Syndrome de congestion pelvienne: une cause fréquente de douleur chronique [Pelvic congestion syndrome]. Rev Med Suisse. 2020;16(712):2042–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Osman AM, Mordi A, Khattab R. Female pelvic congestion syndrome: how can CT and MRI help in the management decision? Br J Radiol. 2021;94(1118):20200881. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20200881.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Labropoulos N, Malgor RD, Comito M, Gasparis AP, Pappas PJ, Tassiopoulos AK. The natural history and treatment outcomes of symptomatic ovarian vein thrombosis. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2015;3(1):42–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2014.07.008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Ho-Fung V, Jaimes CE, Pollock AN. Peritoneal inclusion cyst. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2011;27(5):430–1. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3182184967.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Di Serafino M, Pezzullo F, Iacobellis F. et al. Multilocular peritoneal inclusion cyst: a diagnostic challenge. https://doi.org/10.35100/eurorad/case.16913

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Iacobellis, F., Di Serafino, M., Romano, L. (2023). Imaging in Gynecology. In: Niola, R., Pinto, A., Giurazza, F. (eds) Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology in Gynecological and Obstetric Diseases. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11910-1_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11910-1_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-11909-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-11910-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics