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Physiology of Sleep and Diagnosis: Basic Information for Dentists

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Dental Sleep Medicine

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Abstract

Sleep is a reversible state of behavioral quietness and lack of responsiveness to normal stimuli. The reversibility of this process distinguishes sleep from other states of unconsciousness. The human brain goes to sleep gradually and becomes less responsive to visual, somatosensory, auditory, and other environmental stimuli during the transition. During the sleep state, there is reduction of responsiveness to external sensory stimuli, associated with closed eyes, limited muscle activity, and recumbent position. During sleep, the body is in a rest and restoration state, while the brain is in a state of suspension of consciousness.

Sleep has unique effects on the body systems influencing autonomic changes involving the cardiovascular, respiratory, and thermoregulatory systems. The cardiovascular physiological changes during sleep are a reduction in heart rate, cardiac output, and blood pressure. Systemic vascular resistance and stroke volume remain unchanged. Ten percent reduction in blood pressure is known as nocturnal dip. Only the metabolic system drives ventilation during sleep, as opposed to metabolic and voluntary drive during wake. Body temperature is linked to the sleep-wake cycle but is independent of the circadian rhythm. Sleep also promotes neuronal function, increases immune defense, and is essential for growth and development.

Deepak Shrivastava is a co-author from Sleep Technology Review.

There is some information reprinted with permission from Sleep Technology Review, 2021. ISBN 9354460623.

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Abbreviations

AHI:

Apnea-hypopnea index

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

BZD:

Benzodiazepine

CEMG:

Chin electromyogram

CNS:

Central nervous system

CPAP:

Continuous positive airway pressure

ECG:

Electrocardiogram

EEG:

Electroencephalogram

EMG:

Electromyogram

EOG:

Electrooculogram

FSH:

Follicle-stimulating hormone

GABA:

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

GH:

Growth hormone

GHB:

Gamma-hydroxybutyrate

HRV:

Heart rate variability

HSAT:

Home sleep apnea test

LAMF:

Low-amplitude mixed frequency

LC:

Locus coeruleus

LDT:

Lateral dorsal tegmentum

MAO:

Monoamine oxidase

NREM:

Non-rapid eye movement

OC:

Outer canthus

OSA:

Obstructive sleep apnea

PCO2 :

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide

PFR:

Pontine reticular formation

PM:

Portable monitor

PPT:

Pedunculopontine nucleus

PSG:

Polysomnography

RDI:

Respiratory distress index

REM:

Rapid eye movement

RIP:

Respiratory inductance plethysmography

SCN:

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

SEM:

Slow eye movement

SH:

Sleep hygiene

SpO2 :

Oxygen saturation

SRBD:

Sleep-related breathing disorder

SWA:

Slow-wave activity

SWS:

slow-wave sleep

THC:

Marijuana

TSH:

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

TST:

Total sleep time

VLPO:

Ventrolateral preoptic

WASO:

Wake after sleep onset

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. UC Davis School of Medicine and SJGH, Sacramento, CA, USA

    Deepak Shrivastava

  2. Center for TMJ and Sleep Therapy, Glendora, CA, USA

    G. Gary Demerjian

  3. Craniofacial Pain and Dental Sleep Center, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Mayoor Patel

Authors
  1. Deepak Shrivastava
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  2. G. Gary Demerjian
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  3. Mayoor Patel
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Center For TMJ & Sleep Therapy, Glendora, CA, USA

    G. Gary Demerjian

  2. Craniofacial Pain & Dental Sleep Center, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Mayoor Patel

  3. Dental Group of Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Francesco Chiappelli

  4. Department of Oral Biology and Medicine, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    André Barkhordarian

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Shrivastava, D., Demerjian, G.G., Patel, M. (2022). Physiology of Sleep and Diagnosis: Basic Information for Dentists. In: Demerjian, G.G., Patel, M., Chiappelli, F., Barkhordarian, A. (eds) Dental Sleep Medicine. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10646-0_2

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