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Primary Hypertension in Children

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Pediatric Hypertension

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Abstract

Hypertension in children is not as common as in adults, and its prevalence in the pediatric population is about 3–4%. Primary hypertension is more common as compared to secondary hypertension, particularly in adolescents. Many of the risk factors for primary hypertension are well-known, and the ones that are modifiable include obesity, excessive sodium intake, inadequate physical activity, and obstructive sleep apnea. Studies on the pathophysiology of primary hypertension in children are limited. However, evidence indicates that a combination of genetic, environmental, and biological interactions, as seen in the development of hypertension in adults, provide a basis to understand hypertension in children as well. Tracking studies have established that adult primary hypertension has its antecedents during childhood. Primary hypertension is a diagnosis of exclusion, and a thorough clinical evaluation is necessary to rule out any underlying cause for secondary hypertension. Early diagnosis and management of increased BP in the pediatric population is necessary to decrease the risks for end-organ injury and adult-onset cardiovascular disease.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA

    Manpreet K. Grewal & Gaurav Kapur

  2. Departments of Pediatrics (Nephrology) and Urology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA

    Tej K. Mattoo

  3. Pediatric Nephrology, Central Michigan University, Detroit, MI, USA

    Gaurav Kapur

Authors
  1. Manpreet K. Grewal
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  2. Tej K. Mattoo
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  3. Gaurav Kapur
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Correspondence to Tej K. Mattoo .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA

    Joseph T. Flynn

  2. Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Mass General for Children at MGB Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Julie R. Ingelfinger

  3. Department of Pediatrics Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Tammy M. Brady

Section Editor information

  1. University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA

    Joseph T. Flynn MD, MS

  2. Divison of Nephrology, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA

    Joseph T. Flynn MD, MS

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Grewal, M.K., Mattoo, T.K., Kapur, G. (2023). Primary Hypertension in Children. In: Flynn, J.T., Ingelfinger, J.R., Brady, T.M. (eds) Pediatric Hypertension. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06231-5_20

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