Skip to main content

Conventional Atopic Diseases

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Textbook of Allergen Tolerance
  • 333 Accesses

Abstract

Conventional atopic diseases such as asthma, rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and food allergies are prevalent in the marked populations, involving financial and medical resources, impacting the quality of life, frequently persisting after allergen tolerance breakdown in a typical manner. The recurrences proceed at the whole-body level, display common clinical and laboratory signs, and are not difficult to diagnose. “Neurogenic inflammation” accompanies the recurrences in some specific areas depending on the location of the target organs. Syndromes identical to urticaria, angioedema, and anaphylaxis may occur in the absence of IgE sensitization, which can make any problems to diagnosis and therapy. In this chapter, we described in order all conventional atopic conditions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Holguin F. The atopic march: IgE is not the only road. Lancet. 2014;2(2):88–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(13)70243-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Tham EH, Leung DYM. Mechanisms by which atopic dermatitis predisposes to food allergy and the atopic march. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2019;11(1):4–15. https://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2019.11.1.4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Banks TA, Gada SM. Filaggrin mutations as an archetype for understanding the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;71(3):592–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2014.04.075.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Bantz SK, Zhu Z, Zheng T. The atopic march: progression from atopic dermatitis to allergic rhinitis and asthma. J Clin Cell Immunol. 2014;5(2):1–8. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9899.1000202.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Yamauchi K, Ogasawara M. The role of histamine in the pathophysiology of asthma and the clinical efficacy of antihistamines in asthma therapy. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20:1733. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20071733.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Breiteneder H, Diamant Z, Eiwegger T, Fokkens WJ, Traidl-Hoffmann C, Nadeau K, et al. Future research trends in understanding the mechanisms underlying allergic diseases for improved patient care. Allergy. 2019;74:2293–311. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13851.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Matricardi PM, Dramburg S, Potapova E, Skevaki C, Renz H. Molecular diagnosis for allergen immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019;143(3):831–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2018.12.1021.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Van Hage M, Hamsten C, Valenta R. ImmunoCAP assays: pros and cons in allergology. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;140(4):974–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.05.008.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Di Fraia M, Arasi S, Castelli S, Dramburg S, Potapova E, Villalta D, Tripodi S, Sfika I, Zicari AM, Villella V, Perna S, Travaglini A, Verardo PL, Martricardi PM. A new molecular multiplex IgE assay for the diagnosis of pollen allergy in Mediterranean countries: a validation study. Clin Exp Allergy. 2019;49:341–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.13264.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Brusca I, Barrale M, Onida R, La Chiusa SM, Gjomarkaj M, Uasuf CG. The extract, the molecular allergen or both for the in vitro diagnosis of peach and peanut sensitization? Clin Chim Acta. 2019;493:25–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2019.01.016.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Heinzerling L, Mari A, Bergmann KC, Bresciani M, Burbach G, Darsow U, et al. The skin prick test - European standards. Clin Transl Allergy. 2013;3(3):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/2045-7022-3-3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Ebruster H. The prick test, a recent cutaneous test for the diagnosis of allergic disorders. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 1959;71:551–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Larenas-Linnemann D, Luna-Pech JA, Mёsges R. Debates in allergy medicine: allergy skin testing cannot be replaced by molecular diagnosis in the near future. World Allergy Organ J. 2017;10(32):1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40413-017-0164-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Klimov VV. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT). In: From basic to clinical immunology. Cham: Springer; 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-0332301_11.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  15. Agaché I, Bilò M, Braunstahl GJ, Delgado L, Demoly P, Eigenmann P, Gomes E, Hellings P, Horak F, Muraro A, Werfel T, Jutel M. In vivo diagnosis of allergic diseases - allergen provocation tests. Allergy. 2015;70(4):355–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.12586.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Wise SK, Lin SY, Toskala E, Orlandi RR, Akdis AA, Alt JA, et al. International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: allergic rhinitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2018;8(2):108–352. https://doi.org/10.1002/alr.22073.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Patel G, Saltoun C. Skin testing in allergy. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2019;40(6):366–8. https://doi.org/10.2500/aap.2019.40.4248.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Campo P, Eguiluz-Gracia I, Bogas G, Salas M, Plaza Seron C, Perez N, et al. Local allergic rhinitis: implications for management. Clin Exp Allergy. 2019;49(1):6–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.13192.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Jensen-Jarolim E, Jensen AN, Canonica GW. Debates in allergy medicine: molecular allergy diagnosis with ISAC will replace screenings by skin prick test in the future. World Allergy Organ J. 2017;10(1):33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40413-017-0162-3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Mansouri M, Rafiee E, Darougar S, Mesdaghi M, Chavoshzadeh Z. Is the atopy patch test reliable in the evaluation of food allergy-related atopic dermatitis? Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2018;175(1–2):85–90. https://doi.org/10.1159/000485126.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Gao W, Gong J, Mu M, Zhu Y, Wang W, Chen W, et al. The pathogenesis of eosinophilic asthma: a positive feedback mechanism that promotes Th2 immune response via filaggrin deficiency. Front Immunol. 2021;12:672312. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.672312.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Hough KP, Curtiss ML, Blain TJ, Liu R-M, Trevor J, Deshane JS, Thannickal VJ. Airway remodeling in asthma. Front Med. 2020;7:191. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.00191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Hirose K, Iwata A, Tamachi T, Nakajima H. Allergic airway inflammation: key players beyond the Th2 cell pathway. Immunol Rev. 2017;278(1):145–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/imr.12540.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Lin T-Y, Poon AH, Hamid Q. Asthma phenotypes and endotypes. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2013;19:18–23. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCP.0b013e32835b10ec.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2021. www.ginasthma.org.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Bellanti JA. Phenotypic classification of asthma based on a new type 2-high and type 2-low endotypic classification: it all began with Rackemann. J Prec Respir Med. 2020;3(1):9–20. https://doi.org/10.2500/jprm.2020.3.200001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Pembrey L, Barreto ML, Douwes J, Cooper P, Henderson J, Mpairwe H, et al. Understanding asthma phenotypes: the World Asthma Phenotypes (WASP) international collaboration. ERJ Open Res. 2018;4:00013–2018. https://doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00013-2018.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Radermecker C, Louis R, Bureau F, Marichal T. Role of neutrophils in allergic asthma. Curr Opin Immunol. 2018;54:28–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2018.05.006.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Barnes PJ, Burney PGJ, Silverman EK, Celli BR, Vestbo J, Wedzicha JA, Wounters FM. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2015;1:15076. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2015.76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Guida G, Antonelli A. Eosinophilic phenotype: the lesson from research models to severe asthma. In: Fucs O, Athari SS, editors. Cells of the immune system. London: IntechOpen; 2020. p. 1-22. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92123.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  31. Moldaver DM, Lanché M, Rudulier CD. An update on lymphocyte subtypes in asthma and airway disease. Chest. 2017;151(5):1122–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2016.10.038.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Bush A. Cytokines and chemokines as biomarkers of future asthma. Front Pediatr. 2019;7:72. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2019.00072.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Murrison LB, Brandt EB, Meyers JB, Hershey GKK. Environmental exposures and mechanisms in allergy and asthma development. J Clin Invest. 2019;124(4):1504–15. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI124612.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Chan A, Yu JE. Food allergy and asthma. J Food Allergy. 2020;2(1):44–7. https://doi.org/10.2500/jfa.2020.2.200003.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Wang Y-H, Lue K-H. Association between sensitized to food allergens and childhood allergic respiratory diseases in Taiwan. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2020;53(5):812–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2019.01.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Emons JAM, van Wijk GR. Food allergy and asthma: is there a link? Curr Treat Options Allergy. 2018;5:436–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40521-018-0185-1.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Foong R-X, Swan K, Fox AT. Asthma and food allergies. EMJ Allergy Immunol. 2018;3(1):82–8.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Campo P, Eguiluz-Gracia I, Plaza-Seron M, Salas M, Rodriguez MJ, Perez-Sanchez N, Gonzalez M, Molina A, Mayorga C, Torres MJ, Rondón C. Bronchial asthma triggered by house dust mites in patients with local allergic rhinitis. Allergy. 2019;74(8):1502–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13775.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Yamana Y, Fukuda K, Ko R, Uchio E. Local allergic conjunctivitis: a phenotype of allergic conjunctivitis. Int Ophthalmol. 2019;39:2539–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-019-01101-z.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Voisin T, Bouvier A, Chiu IV. Neuro-immune interactions in allergic diseases: novel targets for therapeutics. Int Immunol. 2017;29(6):247–61. https://doi.org/10.1093/intimm/dxx040.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Licari A, Castagnoli R, Brambilla I, Marseglia A, Tosca MA, Marseglia GL, Ciprandi G. Asthma endotyping and biomarkers in childhood asthma. Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmonol. 2018;31(2):44–58. https://doi.org/10.1089/ped.2018.0886.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Nekoee H, Graulich E, Schleich F, Guissard F, Paulus V, Henket M, et al. Are type-2 biomarkers of any help in asthma diagnosis? ERJ Open Res. 2020;6:00169–2020. https://doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00169-2020.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Kunc P, Fabry J, Lucanska M, Pecova R. Biomarkers of bronchial asthma. Physiol Res. 2020;69(Suppl 1):29–34. https://doi.org/10.33549/physiolres.934398.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Lugogo NL, Akuthota P. Type 2 biomarkers in asthma: yet another reflection of heterogeneity. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021;9(3):1276–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2020.12.032.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Popović-Grle S, Stajduhar A, Lampalo M, Rnjak D. Biomarkers in different asthma phenotypes. Genes. 2021;12:801. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12060801.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Diamant Z, Vijverberg S, Alvig K, Bakirtas A, Bjermer L, Custovic A, et al. Toward clinically applicable biomarkers for asthma: an EAACI position paper. Allergy. 2019;74(10):1835–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13806.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Su J. A brief history of Charcot-Leyden crystal protein/galectin-10 research. Molecules. 2018;23(11):2931. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23112931.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Kuruvilla ME, Lee FE-H, Lee GB. Understanding asthma phenotypes, endotypes, and mechanisms of disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2019;56:219–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-018-8712-1.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Heaney LG, Busby J, Hanratty CE, Djukanovic R, Woodcock A, Walker SM, et al. Composite type-2 biomarker strategy versus a symptom–risk-based algorithm to adjust corticosteroid dose in patients with severe asthma: a multicentre, single-blind, parallel group, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2021;9(1):57–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30397-0.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Lee Y, Quoc QL, Park H-S. Biomarkers for severe asthma: lessons from longitudinal cohort studies. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2021;13(3):375–89. https://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2021.13.3.375.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Tashiro H, Takahashi K, Sadamatsu H, Kurihara Y, Haraguchi T, Tajiri A, et al. Biomarkers for overweight in adult-onset asthma. J Asthma Allergy. 2020;13:409–14. https://doi.org/10.2147/JAA.S276371.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Hue L, Salimi M, Panse I, Mjosberg JM, McKenzie ANJ, Spits H, et al. Prostaglandin D2 activates group 2 innate lymphoid cells through chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on TH2 cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;133(4):1184–94.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.10.056.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Bousquet J, Schunemann HJ, Togias A, Bachert C, Erhola M, Hellings PW, et al. Next-generation Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines for allergic rhinitis based on Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) and real-world evidence. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;145(1):70–80.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2019.06.049.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Passali D, Cingi C, Staffa P, Passali F, Muluk NB, Bellussi ML. The international study of the allergic rhinitis survey: outcomes from 4 geographical regions. Asia Pac Allergy. 2018;8(1):e7. https://doi.org/10.5415/apallergy.2018.8.e7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Romano MR, James S, Farrington E, Perry R, Elliott L. The impact of perennial allergic rhinitis with/without allergic asthma on sleep, work and activity level. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2020;16:12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13223-020-0408-4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Okubo K, Kurono Y, Ichimura K, Enomoto T, Okamoto Y, Kawauchi H, et al. Japanese guidelines for allergic rhinitis 2017. Allergol Int. 2017;66(2):205–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alit.2016.11.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Jung C-G, Lee J-H, Ban G-Y, et al. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of local allergic rhinitis to house dust mites. Yonsei Med J. 2017;58(5):1047–50. https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2017.58.5.1047.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Bousquet J, Anto JM, Bachert C, Baiardini I, Bosnic-Anticevich S, Canonica GW, et al. Allergic rhinitis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020;6:95. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-020-00227-0.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Watts AM, Cripps AW, West NP, Cox AJ. Modulation of allergic inflammation in the nasal mucosa of allergic rhinitis sufferers with topical pharmaceutical agents. Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:294. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.00294.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Nozad CH, Michael LM, Lew DB, Michael CF. Non-allergic rhinitis: a case report and review. Clin Mol Allergy. 2010;8(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-7961-8-1.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Scadding GK, Kariyawasam HH, Scadding G, Mirakan R, Buckley RJ, Dixon T, et al. BSACI guideline for the diagnosis and management of allergic and non-allergic rhinitis (revised edition 2017; first edition 2007). Clin Exp Allergy. 2017;47:856–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.12953.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Galimberti M, Passalacqua G, Incorvaia C, Castella V, Costantino MT, Cucchi B, et al. Catching allergy by a simple questionnaire. World Allergy Organ J. 2015;8:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40413-015-0067-y.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Eifan AO, Durham SR. Pathogenesis of rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2016;46(9):1139–51. https://doi.org/spiral.imperial.ac.uk:8443/handle/10044/1/37061.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Caimmi D, Baiz N, Sanyal S, Banerjee S, Demoly P, Annesi-Maesano I. Discriminating severe seasonal allergic rhinitis. Results from a large nation-wide database. PLoS One. 2018;13(11):e0207290. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.020729.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Leung AK, Hon KL. Seasonal allergic rhinitis. Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov. 2013;7(3):187–201. https://doi.org/10.2174/1872213x113079990022.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Tomazic PV, Darnhofer B, Birner-Gruenberger R. Nasal mucus proteome and its involvement in allergic rhinitis. Expert Rev Proteomics. 2020;17(2):191–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789450.2020.1748502.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Maoz-Segal R, Machnes-Maayan D, Veksler-Offengenden I, Frizinsky S, Hajyahia S, Agmon-Levin N. Local allergic rhinitis: an old story but a new entity. In: Gendeh BS, Turkalj M, editors. Rhinosinusitis. London: IntechOpen; 2019. p. 1–9. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86212.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  68. Papadopoulos NG, Bernstein JA, Demoly P, Dykewicz M, Fokkiens W, Hellings PW, et al. Phenotypes and endotypes of rhinitis and their impact on management: a PRACTALL report. Allergy. 2015;70:474–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.12573.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. De Greve G, Hellings PW, Fokkens WJ, Pugin B, Steelant B, Seys SF. Endotype-driven treatment in chronic upper airway diseases. Clin Transl Allergy. 2017;7(22):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13601-017-0157-8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Klimov AV, Isaev PY, Klimov VV, Sviridova VS. Endotypes of allergic rhinitis and asthma accompanying food allergy. Bull Sib Med. 2019;18(2):287–9. https://doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-2019-2-287-289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Wen HC, Czarnowicki T, Noda S, Malik K, Pavel AB, Nakajima S, et al. Serum from Asian patients with atopic dermatitis is characterized by TH2/TH22 activation, which is highly correlated with nonlesional skin measures. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;142:324–8.e11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2018.02.047.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Ständer S. Atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:1136–43. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra2023911.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Banzon T, Leung DYM, Schneider LC. Food allergy and atopic dermatitis. J Food Allergy. 2020;2(1):35–8. https://doi.org/10.2500/jfa.2020.2.200018.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Oranje AP. Practical issues on interpretation of scoring atopic dermatitis: SCORAD Index, objective SCORAD, patient-oriented SCORAD and three-item severity score. In: Shiohara T, editor. Pathogenesis and management of atopic dermatitis. Curr Probl Dermatol, vol. 41. Basel: Karger; 2011. p. 149–55. https://doi.org/10.1159/000323308.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  75. Avena-Woods C. Overview of atopic dermatitis. Am J Manag Care. 2017;23(8):S115–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Carlton SM. Nociceptive primary afferents: they have a mind of their own. J Physiol. 2014;592(16):3403–11. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2013.269654.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Pondeljak N, Lugović-Mihić L. Stress-induced interaction of skin immune cells, hormones, and neurotransmitters. Clin Ther. 2020;42(5):757–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.03.008.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Thijs JL, de Bruin-Weller MS, Hijnen D. Current and future biomarkers in atopic dermatitis. Immunol Allergy Clin N Am. 2017;37:51–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iac.2016.08.008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Renert-Yuval Y, Thyssen JP, Bissonnette R, Bieber T, Kabashima K, Hijnen D, Guttman-Yassky E. Biomarkers in atopic dermatitis-a review on behalf of the International Eczema Council. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021;147(4):1174–90.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2021.01.013.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Ungar B, Garcet SD, Gonzalez J, Dhingra N, da Rosa JC, Shemer A, et al. An integrated model of atopic dermatitis biomarkers highlights the systemic nature of the disease. J Invest Dermatol. 2017;137:603–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2016.09.037.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Kaplan MH, Engle S, Chang C-Y, Satterwhite A, Ulrich B, Hayes T, et al. Biomarker prediction of pediatric atopic dermatitis severity. J Immunol. 2020;204(Suppl 1):147.20.

    Google Scholar 

  82. He H, Olesen CM, Pavel AB, Clausen M-L, Wu J, Estrada Y, et al. Tape-strip proteomic profiling of atopic dermatitis on dupilumab identifies minimally invasive biomarkers. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1768. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01768.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. Pavel AB, Zhou L, Diaz A, Ungar B, Dan J, He H, et al. The proteomic skin profile of moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis patients shows an inflammatory signature. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;82:690–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2019.10.039.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Hernández-Rodríguez RT, Amezcua-Guerra LM. The potential role of microRNAs as biomarkers in atopic dermatitis: a systematic review. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2020;24(22):11804–9. https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202011_23837.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Wollenberg A, Christen-Zach S, Taieb A, Paul C, Thyssen JP, de Bruin-Weller M, et al. ETFAD/EADV Eczema task force 2020 position paper on diagnosis and treatment of atopic dermatitis in adults and children. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020;34(12):2717–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.16892.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Azmy V, Brooks JP, Hsu FI. Clinical presentation of hereditary angioedema. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2021;41(Suppl 1):S18–21. https://doi.org/10.2500/aap.2020.41.200065.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Forjaz MJ, Ayala A, Caminoa M, Prior N, Pérez-Fernández E, Caballero T, et al. HAE-AS: a specific disease activity scale for hereditary angioedema with C1-inhibitor deficiency. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2021;31(3):246–52. https://doi.org/10.18176/jiaci.0479.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Kurowski K, Boxer RW. Food allergies: detection and management. Am Fam Physician. 2008;77(12):1678–86.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Pali-Schöll I, Blank S, Verhoeckx K, Mueller RS, Janda J, Marti E, Seida AA, Rhynar C, DeBoer DJ, Jensen-Jarolim E. EAACI position paper: comparing insect hypersensitivity induced by bite, sting, inhalation or ingestion in human beings and animals. Allergy. 2019;74:874–87. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13722.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Gonzalez-Estrada A, Silvers SK, Klein A, Zell K, Wang X-F, Lang DM. Epidemiology of anaphylaxis at a tertiary care center: a report of 730 cases. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2017;118(1):80–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2016.10.025.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Vidal C, Armisén M, Monsalve R, González-Vidal T, Lojo S, López-Freire S, et al. Anaphylaxis to Vespa velutina nigrithorax: pattern of sensitization for an emerging problem in Western countries. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2021;31(3):228–35. https://doi.org/10.18176/jiaci.0474.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Brockow K. Drug allergy: definitions and phenotypes. In: Khan DA, Ji AB, editors. Drug allergy testing, Chapter 3. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier; 2018. p. 19–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-48551-7.00003-1.

  93. Radonjic-Hoesli S, Hofmeier KS, Micaletto S, Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Bitcher A, Simon D. Urticaria and angioedema: an update on classification and pathogenesis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2018;54(1):88–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-017-8628-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Hon KL, Leung AKC, Ng WGG, Loo SK. Chronic urticaria: an overview of treatment and recent patents. Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov. 2019;13(1):27–37. https://doi.org/10.2174/1872213X13666190328164931.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  95. Kasumagic-Halilovic E, Beslic N, Ovcina-Kurtovic N. Thyroid autoimmunity in patients with chronic urticaria. Med Arch. 2017;71(1):29–31. https://doi.org/10.5455/medarh.2017.71.29-31.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  96. Porebski G, Kwiecien K, Pawica M, Kwitniewski M. Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor-X2 (MRGPRX2) in drug hypersensitivity reactions. Front Immunol. 2018;9:3027. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.03027.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  97. Maurer M, Eyerich K, Eyerich S, Ferrer M, Gutermuth J, Hartmann K, et al. Urticaria: Collegium Internationale Allergologicum (CIA) update 2020. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2020;181:321–33. https://doi.org/10.1159/000507218.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Simons FER, Ebisawa M, Sanchez-Borges M, Thong BY, Worm M, Tanno LK, Lockey RF, El-Gamal YM, SGA B, Park H-S, Sheikh A. 2015 update of the evidence base: World Allergy Organization anaphylaxis guidelines. World Allergy Organ J. 2015;8:32. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40413-015-0080-1.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  99. Fromar L. Prevention of anaphylaxis: the role of the epinephrine auto-injector. Am J Med. 2016;129(12):1244–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.07.018.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Reber LL, Hernandez JD, Galli SJ. The pathophysiology of anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;140(2):335–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.06.003.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  101. Thangam EB, Jemima EA, Singh H, Baig MS, Khan M, Mathias CB, et al. The role of histamine and histamine receptors in mast cell-mediated allergy and inflammation: the hunt for new therapeutic targets. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1873. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01873.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  102. Menzella F, Ruggiero P, Ghidoni G, Fontana M, Bagnasco D, Livrieri F, et al. Anti-IL5 therapies for severe eosinophilic asthma: literature review and practical insights. J Asthma Allergy. 2020;13:301–13.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Curto-Barredo L, Spertino J, Figueras-Nart I, Expósito-Serrano V, Guilabert A, Melé-Ninot G, et al. Omalizumab updosing allows disease activity control in patients with refractory chronic spontaneous urticaria. Br J Dermatol. 2018;179(1):210–2. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.16379.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Maurer M, Metz M, Brehler R, Hillen U, Jakob T, Mahler V, et al. Omalizumab treatment in patients with chronic inducible urticaria: a systematic review of published evidence. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;141(2):638–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.06.032.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Liang W, Pan HW, Vilasaliu D, Lam JKW. Pulmonary delivery of biological drugs. Pharmaceutics. 2020;12:1025. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12111025.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  106. Brandström J, Vetander M, Sundqvist A-C, Lilija G, Johansson SGO, Melén E, et al. Individually dosed omalizumab facilitates peanut oral immunotherapy in peanut allergic adolescents. Clin Exp Allergy. 2019;49(10):1328–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.13469.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Tontini C, Bulfone-Paus S. Novel approaches in the inhibition of IgE-induced mast cell reactivity in food allergy. Front Immunol. 2021;12:613461. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.613461.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  108. Chen M, Zhang W, Lee L, Saxena J, Sindher S, Chinthrajah RS, Dant C, Nadeau K. Biologic therapy for food allergy. J Food Allergy. 2020;2(1):86–90. https://doi.org/10.2500/jfa.2020.2.200004.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Maurer M, Giménez-Arnau AM, Sussman G, Metz M, Baker DR, Bauer A, et al. Ligelizumab for chronic spontaneous urticaria. N Engl J Med. 2019;381:1321–32. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1900408.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Bagnasco D, Ferrando M, Varricchi G, Passalacqua G, Canonica GW. A critical evaluation of anti-IL-13 and anti-IL-4 strategies in severe asthma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2016;170:122–31. https://doi.org/10.1159/000447692.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Silverberg JI, Futtman-Yassky E, Gooderham M, Worm M, Rippon S, O'Quinn S, et al. Health-related quality of life with tralokinumab in moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis. A phase 2b randomized study. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2021;126:576–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2020.12.004.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Austin CD, Gonzalez Edick M, Ferrando RE, Solon M, Baca M, Mesh K, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial evaluating effects of lebrikizumab on airway eosinophilic inflammation and remodelling in uncontrolled asthma (CLAVIER). Clin Exp Allergy. 2020;50:1342–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.13731.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  113. Guttman-Yassky E, Blauvelt A, Eichenfield LF, Paller AS, Armstrong AW, Drew J, et al. Efficacy and safety of lebrikizumab, a high-affinity interleukin 13 inhibitor, in adults with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. A phase 2b randomized clinical trial. JAMA Dermatol. 2020;156(4):411–20. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2020.0079.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  114. Chen Y-L, Gutowska-Owsiak D, Hardman CS, Westmoreland M, MacKenzie T, Cifuentes L, et al. Proof-of-concept clinical trial of etokimab shows a key role for IL-33 in atopic dermatitis pathogenesis. Sci Transl Med. 2019;11(515):eaax2945. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aax2945.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Wechsler M, Ruddy MK, Pavord ID, Israel E, Rabe KF, Ford LB, et al. Efficacy and safety of itepekimab in patients with moderate-to-severe asthma. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:1656–68. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2024257.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Menzies-Cow A, Corren J, Bourdin A, Chupp G, Israel E, Wechsler ME, et al. Tezepelumab in adults and adolescents with severe, uncontrolled asthma. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:1800–9. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2034975.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vladimir V. Klimov .

5.1 Electronic Supplementary Material

Audio 5.1

(MP3 15721 kb)

Audio 5.2

(MP3 11438 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Klimov, V.V. (2022). Conventional Atopic Diseases. In: Textbook of Allergen Tolerance . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04309-3_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04309-3_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-04308-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-04309-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics