Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Models to Explain and Change Health Behavior and Physical Activity

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Sport and Exercise Psychology

Abstract

This chapter provided an overview on models that explain change processes in health behavior and change toward more physical activity. It is divided into four main parts. In the first section, models are introduced that focus on the motivational process of behavior change and how individuals’ decision-making is influenced. The second section deals with theories of action execution—the part of health behavior change in which a person implements intentions into action. These models also focus on action and coping planning to overcome obstacles for intention implementation. In the third section, we address stage and process models of health behavior change that unify processes of motivation and action execution in holistic models. Finally, in the fourth section, dual-process theories are introduced that assume that human health behavior change is affected by at least two types of information processes that are automatic and reflective, as well as integrated models of health behavior, that integrate constructs from multiple theories.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abraham, C., & Sheeran, P. (2015). The health belief model. In M. Conner & P. Norman (Eds.), Predicting and changing health behaviour: Research and practive with social cognition models (3rd ed., pp. 30-69). : Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Achtziger, A., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2018). Motivation and volition in the course of action. In J. Heckhausen & H. Heckhausen (Eds.), Motivation and action (pp. 485–527). : Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In J. Kuhl, & J. Beckmann (Eds.), Action-control: From cognition to behavior (pp. 11-39). : Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allom, V., Mullan, B., Cowie, E., & Hamilton, K. (2016). Physical activity and transitioning to college: The importance of intentions and habits. American Journal of Health Behavior, 40(2), 280–290.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2000). Social cognition models and health behaviour: A structured review. Psychology and Health, 15(2), 173–189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arnautovska, U., Fleig, L., O'callaghan, F., & Hamilton, K. (2019). Older adults’ physical activity: The integration of autonomous motivation and theory of planned behaviour constructs. Australian Psychologist, 54(1), 46–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Backhouse, S. H., Ekkekakis, P., Biddle, S. J., Foskett, A., & Williams, C. (2007). Exercise makes people feel better but people are inactive: paradox or artifact? Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 29(4), 498–517.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bagozzi, R. P., & Warshaw, P. R. (1990). Trying to consume. Journal of Consumer Research, 17(2), 127–140. https://doi.org/10.1086/208543

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall, Inc..

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A., Cioffi, D., Taylor, C. B., & Brouillard, M. E. (1988). Perceived self-efficacy in coping with cognitive stressors and opioid activation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(3), 479.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M. (1998). Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1252–1265.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, R. F., & Heatherton, T. F. (1996). Self-regulation failure: An overview. Psychological Inquiry, 7(1), 1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, R. F., & Vohs, K. D. (2007). Self-regulation, ego depletion, and motivation. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 1(1), 115–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., Nathan DeWall, C., & Zhang, L. (2007). How emotion shapes behavior: Feedback, anticipation, and reflection, rather than direct causation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11(2), 167–203.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borland, R. (2017). CEOS theory: A comprehensive approach to understanding how to maintain behaviour change. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 9(1), 3–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12083

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brand, R., & Ekkekakis, P. (2018). Affective–reflective theory of physical inactivity and exercise. German Journal of Exercise & Sport Research, 48(1), 48–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, D. J., Hagger, M. S., & Hamilton, K. (2020). The mediating role of constructs representing reasoned-action and automatic processes on the past behavior-future behavior relationship. Social Science & Medicine, 258, 113085.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buckley, J., Cohen, J. D., Kramer, A. F., McAuley, E., & Mullen, S. P. (2014). Cognitive control in the self-regulation of physical activity and sedentary behavior. Frontiers In Human Neuroscience, 8, 747–747. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00747

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bull, F. C., Al-Ansari, S. S., Biddle, S., Borodulin, K., Buman, M. P., Cardon, G., Carty, C., Chaput, J. P., Chastin, S., & Chou, R. (2020). World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. British Journal Of Sports Medicine, 54(24), 1451–1462.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carraro, N., & Gaudreau, P. (2013). Spontaneous and experimentally induced action planning and coping planning for physical activity: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 14, 228–248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caudwell, K. M., Keech, J. J., Hamilton, K., Mullan, B. A., & Hagger, M. S. (2019). Reducing alcohol consumption during pre-drinking sessions: Testing an integrated behaviour-change model. Psychology & Health, 34(1), 106–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2018.1518527

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chaiken, S., & Trope, Y. (1999). Dual-process theories in social psychology. Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chan, D. K. C., Yang, S. X., Hamamura, T., Sultan, S., Xing, S., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., & Hagger, M. S. (2015). In-lecture learning motivation predicts students’ motivation, intention, and behaviour for after-lecture learning: Examining the trans-contextual model across universities from UK, China, and Pakistan. Motivation and Emotion, 39(6), 908–925. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-015-9506-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chevance, G., Héraud, N., Varray, A., & Boiché, J. (2017). Change in explicit and implicit motivation toward physical activity and sedentary behavior in pulmonary rehabilitation and associations with postrehabilitation behaviors. Rehabilitation Psychology, 62(2), 119.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Colwill, R. M., & Rescorla, R. A. (1985). Instrumental responding remains sensitive to reinforcer devaluation after extensive training. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 11(4), 520.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connell, L. E., Carey, R. N., de Bruin, M., Rothman, A. J., Johnston, M., Kelly, M. P., & Michie, S. (2018). Links between behavior change techniques and mechanisms of action: An expert consensus study. Annals of Behavioral Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1093/abm/kay082

  • Conner, M., & Norman, P. (2015). Predicting and changing health behaviour: Research and practice with social cognition models. Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowie, E., White, K., & Hamilton, K. (2018). Physical activity and parents of very young children: The role of beliefs and social-cognitive factors. British Journal of Health Psychology, 23(4), 782–803.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, R., Campbell, R., Hildon, Z., Hobbs, L., & Michie, S. (2015). Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: A scoping review. Health Psychology Review, 9(3), 323–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2014.941722

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Ridder, D. T. D., de Boer, B. J., Lugtig, P., Bakker, A. B., & van Hooft, E. A. (2011). Not doing bad things is not equivalent to doing the right thing: Distinguishing between inhibitory and initiatory self-control. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(7), 1006–1011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Ridder, D. T. D., Lensvelt-Mulders, G., Finkenauer, C., Stok, F. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2012). Taking stock of self-control: A meta-analysis of how trait self-control relates to a wide range of behaviors. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16(1), 76–99. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868311418749

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Vries, H., Mesters, I., van de Steeg, H., & Honing, C. (2005). The general public's information needs and perceptions regarding hereditary cancer: An application of the Integrated Change Model. Patient Education and Counseling, 56(2), 154–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2004.01.002

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation & self-determination in human behavior.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deutsch, R., & Strack, F. (2020). Changing behavior using the reflective-impulsive model. In M. S. Hagger, L. D. Cameron, K. Hamilton, N. Hankonen, & T. Lintunen (Eds.), The handbook of behavior change (pp. 164-177). : Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickinson, A. (2016). Instrumental conditioning revisited: updating dual-process theory. Paper presented at the Associative learning and cognition: homage to professor NJ Mackintosh. In Memoriam (1935–2015).

    Google Scholar 

  • DiClemente, C., & Graydon, M. (2020). Changing Behavior Using the Transtheoretical Model. In M. S. Hagger, L. Cameron, K. Hamilton, N. Hankonen, & T. Lintunen (Eds.), The handbook of behavior change (pp. 136-149). : Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dohle, S., Diel, K. & Hofmann, W. (2017). Executive functions and the self-regulation of eating behavior.A ppetite, 30, 1e6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duckworth, A. L., & Kern, M. L. (2011). A meta-analysis of the convergent validity of self-control measures. Journal of Research in Personality, 45(3), 259–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2011.02.004

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Englert, C. (2016). The strength model of self-control in sport and exercise psychology. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 314.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior. Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friese, M., Hofmann, W., & Wänke, M. (2008). When impulses take over: Moderated predictive validity of explicit and implicit attitude measures in predicting food choice and consumption behaviour. British Journal of Social Psychology, 47(3), 397–419.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frijda, N. H. (1986). The emotions. Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs, R. (2007). Das MoVo-Modell als theoretische Grundlage für Programme der gesundheitsverhaltensänderung [The MoVo-Process Model as theoretical basis of health behavior change programs]. In R. Fuchs, W. Göhner, & H. Seelig (Eds.), Aufbau eines körperlich-aktiven Lebensstils [Development of a physically active lifestyle] (pp. 317-325). : Hogrefe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs, R., Goehner, W., & Seelig, H. (2011). Long-term effects of a psychological group intervention on physical exercise and health: The MoVo concept. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 8(6), 794–803.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs, R., Göhner, W., & Seelig, H. (2007). Aufbau eines körperlich-aktiven Lebensstils: Theorie, Empirie und Praxis. Hogrefe Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs, R., Seelig, H., Göhner, W., Schlatterer, M., & Ntoumanis, N. (2017). The two sides of goal intentions: Intention self-concordance and intention strength as predictors of physical activity. Psychology & Health, 32(1), 110–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, B., de Bruijn, G.-J., & Lally, P. (2011). A systematic review and meta-analysis of applications of the Self-Report Habit Index to nutrition and physical activity behaviours. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 42(2), 174–187.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, B., & Lally, P. (2018). Modelling habit formation and its determinants. In B. Verplanken (Ed.), The psychology of habit. Theory, mechanisms, change, and contexts (pp. 207–229). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerrard, M., Gibbons, F. X., Stock, M. L., Lune, L. S. V., & Cleveland, M. J. (2005). Images of smokers and willingness to smoke among African American pre-adolescents: An application of the prototype/willingness model of adolescent health risk behavior to smoking initiation. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 30(4), 305–318. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsi026

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Göhner, W., & Fuchs, R. (2006). Änderung des Gesundheitsverhaltens: MoVo-Gruppenprogramme für körperliche Aktivität und gesunde Ernährung [Health behavior change]. Hogrefe Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gollwitzer, P. M. (1990). Action phases and mind-sets. In E. Higgins & R. M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition. Foundations of social behavior. 2nd ed. pp. 53-92). : The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gollwitzer, P. M. (1999). Implementation intentions: Strong effects of simple plans. American Psychologist, 54(7), 493–503. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.54.7.493

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gollwitzer, P. M., & Brandstätter, V. (1997). Implementation intentions and effective goal pursuit. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 73(1), 186–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gollwitzer, P. M., Fujita, K., & Oettingen, G. (2004). Planning and the implementation of goals. In R. F. Baumeister & K. D. Vohs (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications (pp. 211–228). : Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gollwitzer, P. M., & Oettingen, G. (1998). The emergence and implementation of health goals. Psychology and Health, 13(4), 687–715.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hagger, M. S. (2009). Theoretical integration in health psychology: Unifying ideas and complimentary explanations. British Journal of Health Psychology, 14(2), 189–194. https://doi.org/10.1348/135910708X397034

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hagger, M. S. (2014). Avoiding the “déjà-variable” phenomenon: Social psychology needs more guides to constructs. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 52.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hagger, M. S. (2016). Non-conscious processes and dual-process theories in health psychology. Health Psychology Review, 10(4), 375–380.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hagger, M. S., Cameron, L. D., Hamilton, K., Hankonen, N., & Lintunen, T. (2020a). Changing behavior: A theory-and evidence-based approach. In M. S. Hagger, L. D. Cameron, K. Hamilton, N. Hankonen, & T. Lintunen (Eds.), The handbook of behavior change (pp. 1-14). Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagger, M. S., Cameron, L. D., Hamilton, K., Hankonen, N., & Lintunen, T. (2020b). The handbook of behavior change. Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hagger, M. S., & Chatzisarantis, N. (2005). The social psychology of exercise and sport. McGraw-Hill Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagger, M. S., & Chatzisarantis, N. (2014). An integrated behavior change model for physical activity. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 42(2), 62–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hagger, M. S., & Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. (2009). Integrating the theory of planned behaviour and self-determination theory in health behaviour: A meta-analysis. British Journal of Health Psychology, 14(2), 275–302. https://doi.org/10.1348/135910708X373959

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hagger, M. S., & Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. (2016). The trans-contextual model of autonomous motivation in education: Conceptual and empirical issues and meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 86(2), 360–407. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654315585005

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hagger, M. S., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., Barkoukis, V., Wang, C. K. J., & Baranowski, J. (2005). Perceived autonomy support in physical education and leisure-time physical activity: A cross-cultural evaluation of the trans-contextual model. Journal of Educational Psychology, 97(3), 376–390. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.97.3.376

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hagger, M. S., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., & Biddle, S. J. H. (2002). A meta-analytic review of the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior in physical activity: Predictive validity and the contribution of additional variables. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 24(1), 3–32. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.24.1.3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hagger, M. S., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., Culverhouse, T., & Biddle, S. J. (2003). The processes by which perceived autonomy support in physical education promotes leisure-time physical activity intentions and behavior: A trans-contextual model. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(4), 784.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hagger, M. S., Cheung, M., Ajzen, I., & Hamilton, K. (n.d., under review). Moderation effects in the theory of planned behavior: A meta-analysis in the health behavior domain.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagger, M. S., Gucciardi, D. F., Turrell, A. S., & Hamilton, K. (2019a). Self-control and health-related behaviour: The role of implicit self-control, trait self-control, and lay beliefs in self-control. British Journal of Health Psychology, 24(4), 764–786.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hagger, M. S., & Hamilton, K. (2018). Motivational predictors of students' participation in out-of-school learning activities and academic attainment in science: An application of the trans-contextual model using Bayesian path analysis. Learning and Individual Differences, 67, 232–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2018.09.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hagger, M. S., & Hamilton, K. (2020). Changing Behavior Using Integrated Theories. In M. S. Hagger, L. D. Cameron, K. Hamilton, N. Hankonen, & T. Lintunen (Eds.), The handbook of behavior change (pp. 208–224). : Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagger, M. S., Hankonen, N., Kangro, E. M., Lintunen, T., Pagaduan, J., Polet, J., Ries, F., & Hamilton, K. (2019b). Trait self-control, social cognition constructs, and intentions: Correlational evidence for mediation and moderation effects in diverse health behaviours. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 11(3), 407–437.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hagger, M. S., & Luszczynska, A. (2014). Implementation intention and action planning interventions in health contexts: State of the research and proposals for the way forward. Applied Psychology: Health & Well-Being, 6(1), 1–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hagger, M. S., Sultan, S., Hardcastle, S. J., Reeve, J., Patall, E. A., Fraser, B., Hamilton, K., & Chatzisarantis, N. L. (2016). Applying the integrated trans-contextual model to mathematics activities in the classroom and homework behavior and attainment. Learning and Individual Differences, 45, 166–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hagger, M. S., Trost, N., Keech, J., Chan, D. K. C., & Hamilton, K. (2017). Predicting sugar consumption: Application of an integrated dual-process, dual-phase model. Appetite, 116, 147–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.04.032

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, P. A., & Fong, G. T. (2007). Temporal self-regulation theory: A model for individual health behavior. Health Psychology Review, 1(1), 6–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437190701492437

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hallal, P. C., Andersen, L. B., Bull, F. C., Guthold, R., Haskell, W., Ekelund, U., & Lancet Physical Activity Series Working Group. (2012). Global physical activity levels: Surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. Lancet, 380(9838), 247–257.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, K., Cox, S., & White, K. M. (2012). Testing a model of physical activity among mothers and fathers of young children: Integrating self-determined motivation, planning, and theory of planned behavior. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 34(1), 124–145.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, K., Fleig, L., Henderson, J., & Hagger, M. S. (2017a). Being active in pregnancy: Theory-based predictors of physical activity among pregnant women. Women & Health, 9(2), 213–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, K., Gibbs, I., Keech, J. J., & Hagger, M. S. (2020a). Reasoned and implicit processes in heavy episodic drinking: An integrated dual-process model. British Journal of Health Psychology, 25(1), 189–209.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, K., Kirkpatrick, A., Rebar, A., & Hagger, M. S. (2017b). Child sun safety: Application of an Integrated Behavior Change model. Health Psychology, 36(9), 916.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, K., Thomson, C. E., & White, K. M. (2013). Promoting active lifestyles in young children: Investigating mothers’ decisions about their child’s physical activity and screen time behaviours. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 17(5), 968–976.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, K., van Dongen, A., & Hagger, M. S. (2020b). An extended theory of planned behavior for parent-for-child health behaviors: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 39(10), 863.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hannan, T. E., Moffitt, R. L., Neumann, D. L., & Kemps, E. (2019). Implicit approach–avoidance associations predict leisure-time exercise independently of explicit exercise motivation. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 8(2), 210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, J. A., Mullen, P. D., & Green, L. W. (1992). A meta-analysis of studies of the health belief model with adults. Health Education Research, 7(1), 107–116.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hausenblas, H. A., Carron, A. V., & Mack, D. E. (1997). Application of the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior to exercise behavior: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 19(1), 36–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heckhausen, J., & Heckhausen, H. (2010). Motivation und Entwicklung. In J. Heckhausen & H. Heckhausen (Eds.), Motivation und Handeln (pp. 427-488). : Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann, W., Friese, M., Schmeichel, B. J., & Baddeley, A. D. (2011). Working memory and self-regulation. In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich, & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications (Vol. 2, pp. 204–225).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann, W., Friese, M., & Strack, F. (2009). Impulse and self-control from a dual-systems perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(2), 162–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01116.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann, W., Friese, M., & Wiers, R. W. (2008). Impulsive versus reflective influences on health behavior: A theoretical framework and empirical review. Health Psychology Review, 2(2), 111–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann, W., Schmeichel, B. J., & Baddeley, A. D. (2012). Executive functions and self-regulation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(3), 174–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2012.01.006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hutchison, A. J., Breckon, J. D., & Johnston, L. H. (2009). Physical activity behavior change interventions based on the transtheoretical model: A systematic review. Health Education & Behavior, 36(5), 829–845.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kahneman, D. (2017). Thinking, fast and slow. Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karremans, J. C., Pronk, T. M., & van der Wal, R. C. (2015). Executive control and relationship maintenance processes: An empirical overview and theoretical integration. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 9(7), 333–347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kruglanski, A. W., Shah, J. Y., Fishbach, A., Friedman, R., Chun, W. Y., & Sleeth-Keppler, D. (2002). A theory of goal systems. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 34, 331–378.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhl, J., & Goschke, T. (1994). A theory of action control: Mental subsystems, modes of control, and volitional conflict-resolution strategies. In J. Kuhl & J. Beckman (Eds.), Volition and Personality: Action versus state orientation (pp. 93–124). : Hogrefe & Huber.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kwasnicka, D., Presseau, J., White, M., & Sniehotta, F. F. (2013). Does planning how to cope with anticipated barriers facilitate health-related behaviour change? A systematic review. Health Psychology Review, 7, 129–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1987). Transactional theory and research on emotions and coping. European Journal of Personality, 1(3), 141–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maher, J. P., & Conroy, D. E. (2016). A dual-process model of older adults' sedentary behavior. Health Psychology, 35(3), 262–272. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000300

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marlatt, G. A., Baer, J. S., & Quigley, L. A. (1995). Self-efficacy and addictive behavior. In A. Bandura (Ed.), Self-efficacy in changing societies (pp. 289-315). : Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, S. J., & Biddle, S. J. H. (2001). The transtheoretical model of behavior change: A meta-analysis of applications to physical activity and exercise. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 23(4), 229–246.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McEachan, R. R. C., Conner, M., Taylor, N. J., & Lawton, R. J. (2011). Prospective prediction of health-related behaviours with the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology Review, 5(2), 97–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Michie, S., Ashford, S., Sniehotta, F. F., Dombrowski, S. U., Bishop, A., & French, D. P. (2011). A refined taxonomy of behaviour change techniques to help people change their physical activity and healthy eating behaviours: The CALO-RE taxonomy. Psychology & Health, 26(11), 1479–1498.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milne, S., Orbell, S., & Sheeran, P. (2002). Combining motivational and volitional interventions to promote exercise participation: Protection motivation theory and implementation intentions. British Journal of Health Psychology, 7(2), 163–184.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miyake, A., & Friedman, N. P. (2012). The nature and organization of individual differences in executive functions four general conclusions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21(1), 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411429458

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41(1), 49–100. https://doi.org/10.1006/cogp.1999.0734

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Montaño, D. E., & Kasprzyk, D. (2015). Theory of reasoned action, theory of planned behavior, and the integrated behavioral model. In K. Glanz, B. K. Rimer, & K. Viswanath (Eds.), Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice (5th ed., pp. 95-124). : Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nilsen, P., Roback, K., Broström, A., & Ellström, P.-E. (2012). Creatures of habit: accounting for the role of habit in implementation research on clinical behaviour change. Implementation Science, 7(1), 53.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Norman, P., & Conner, M. (2005). The theory of planned behavior and exercise: Evidence for the mediating and moderating roles of planning on intention-behavior relationships. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 27(4), 488–504. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.27.4.488

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ouellette, J. A., & Wood, W. (1998). Habit and intention in everyday life: The multiple processes by which past behavior predicts future behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 124(1), 54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Padin, A. C., Emery, C. F., Vasey, M., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (2017). Self-regulation and implicit attitudes toward physical activity influence exercise behavior. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 39(4), 237–248.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parschau, L., Fleig, L., Koring, M., Lange, D., Knoll, N., Schwarzer, R., & Lippke, S. (2013). Positive experience, self-efficacy, and action control predict physical activity changes: A moderated mediation analysis. British Journal of Health Psychology, 18(2), 395–406.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perugini, M., & Conner, M. (2000). Predicting and understanding behavioral volitions: The interplay between goals and behaviors. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30(5), 705–731. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-0992%28200009/10%2930%3A5<705%3A%3AAID-EJSP18>3.0.CO%3B2-%23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeffer, I., & Alfermann, D. (2008). Initiation of physical exercise: an intervention study based on the transtheoretical model. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 39(1), 41–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfeffer, I., Englert, C., & Müller-Alcazar, A. (2020). Perceived stress and trait self-control interact with the intention–behavior gap in physical activity behavior. Sport, Exercise & Performance Psychology, 9(2), 244–260. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeffer, I., & Strobach, T. (2017). Executive functions, trait self-control, and the intention-behavior gap in physical activity behavior. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 39(4), 277–292. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2017-0112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeffer, I., & Strobach, T. (2019). Effects of a planning intervention on physical activity behavior in an RCT: Intention strength as moderator and action planning, coping planning and coping self-efficacy as mediators. Sport, Exercise & Performance Psychology, 8(2), 192–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeffer, I., & Strobach, T. (2020). Physical activity automaticity, intention, and trait self- control as predictors of physical activity behavior—a dual-process perspective. Psychology, Health & Medicine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phipps, D. J., Hagger, M. S., & Hamilton, K. (2020). Predicting limiting ‘free sugar’consumption using an integrated model of health behavior. Appetite, 150, 104668.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phipps, D. J., Hannan, T. E., Rhodes, R. E., & Hamilton, K. (2021). A dual-process model of affective and instrumental attitudes in predicting physical activity. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 54, 101899.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prestwich, A., Lawton, R., & Conner, M. (2003). The use of implementation intentions and the decision balance sheet in promoting exercise behaviour. Psychology and Health, 18(6), 707–721.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1982). Transtheoretical therapy: toward a more integrative model of change. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 19(3), 276–288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1983). Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51(3), 390–395. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.51.3.390

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prochaska, J. O., & Marcus, B. H. (1994). The transtheoretical model: Applications to exercise. In R. K. Dishman (Ed.), Advances in exercise adherence (pp. 161–180). : Human Kinetics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reyes Fernández, B., Knoll, N., Hamilton, K., & Schwarzer, R. (2016). Social-cognitive antecedents of hand washing: Action control bridges the planning–behaviour gap. Psychology & Health, 31(8), 993–1004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes, R. E., & de Bruijn, G.-J. (2013). How big is the physical activity intention-behaviour gap? A meta-analysis using the action control framework. British Journal of Health Psychology, 18(2), 296–309. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12032

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes, R. E., McEwan, D., & Rebar, A. L. (2019). Theories of physical activity behaviour change: A history and synthesis of approaches. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 42, 100–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, C. S. (2000). Is the sequencing of change processes by stage consistent across health problems? A meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 19(6), 593.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenstock, I. M. (1974). The health belief model and preventive health behavior. Health Education Monographs, 2(4), 354–386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rothman, A. (2000). Toward a theory-based analysis of behavioral maintenance. Health Psychology, 19(1), 64–69.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rothman, A. J., & Sheeran, P. (2020). What is slowing us down? Six challenges to accelerating advances in health behavior change. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 54(12), 948–959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell, J. A. (2003). Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. Psychological Review, 110(1), 145–172.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sallis, J. F., Bull, F., Guthold, R., Heath, G. W., Inoue, S., Kelly, P., et al. (2016). Progress in physical activity over the Olympic quadrennium. The Lancet, 388(10051), 1325–1336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, B., Milyavskaya, M., Etz, A., Randles, D., & Inzlicht, M. (2018). Reported self-control is not meaningfully associated with inhibition-related executive function: A Bayesian analysis. Collabra: Psychology, 4(1), 39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scholz, U., Schüz, B., Ziegelmann, J. P., Lippke, S., & Schwarzer, R. (2008). Beyond behavioural intentions: Planning mediates between intentions and physical activity. British Journal of Health Psychology, 13(3), 479–494. https://doi.org/10.1348/135910707X216062

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scholz, U., Sniehotta, F. F., & Schwarzer, R. (2005). Predicting physical exercise in cardiac rehabilitation: The role of phase-specific self-efficacy beliefs. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 27(2), 135–151. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.27.2.135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarzer, R. (1997). Gesundheitspsychologie: Ein Lehrbuch [Health psychology: A textbook]. Hogrefe Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwarzer, R. (2004). Psychologie des Gesundheitsverhaltens: Einführung in die Gesundheitspsychologie [Psychology of health behavior: An introduction to health psychology]. Hogrefe Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwarzer, R. (2008). Modeling health behavior change: How to predict and modify the adoption and maintenance of health behaviors. Applied Psychology, 57(1), 1–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarzer, R., & Hamilton, K. (2020). Changing behavior using the health action process approach. In M. Hagger, L. D. Cameron, K. Hamilton, N. Hankonen, & T. Lintunen (Eds.), The handbook of behavior change (pp. 89-103). : Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwarzer, R., Schüz, B., Ziegelmann, J. P., Lippke, S., Luszczynska, A., & Scholz, U. (2007). Adoption and maintenance of four health behaviors: Theory-guided longitudinal studies on dental flossing, seat belt use, dietary behavior, and physical activity. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 33(2), 156–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02879897

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seelig, H., & Fuchs, R. (2006). Messung der sport-und bewegungsbezogenen Selbstkonkordanz. Zeitschrift für Sportpsychologie, 13(4), 121–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheeran, P., & Silverman, M. (2003). Evaluation of three interventions to promote workplace health and safety: evidence for the utility of implementation intentions. Social Science & Medicine, 56(10), 2153–2163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheeran, P., & Webb, T. L. (2016). The intention–behavior gap. Social & Personality Psychology Compass, 10(9), 503–518. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sniehotta, F. F., Presseau, J., & Araújo-Soares, V. (2014). Time to retire the theory of planned behaviour. Health Psychology Review, 8(1), 1–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sniehotta, F. F., Scholz, U., & Schwarzer, R. (2006). Action plans and coping plans for physical exercise: A longitudinal intervention study in cardiac rehabilitation. British Journal of Health Psychology, 11(1), 23–37. https://doi.org/10.1348/135910705X43804

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sniehotta, F. F., Schwarzer, R., Scholz, U., & Schüz, B. (2005). Action planning and coping planning for long-term lifestyle change: Theory and assessment. European Journal of Social Psychology, 35(4), 565–576. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2004). Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior. Personality & Social Psychology Review, 8(3), 220–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strobach, T., Englert, C., Jekauc, D., & Pfeffer, I. (2020). Predicting adoption and maintenance of physical activity in the context of dualprocess theories. Performance Enhancement and Health, 8(1), 100162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sutton, S. (2000). Interpreting cross-sectional data on stages of change. Psychology and Health, 15(2), 163–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. L. (2004). High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. Journal of Personality, 72(2), 271–322. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00263.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trafimow, D. (2012). The role of auxiliary assumptions for the validity of manipulations and measures. Theory & Psychology, 22(4), 486–498. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354311429996

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vallacher, R. R., & Wegner, D. M. (1987). What do people think they're doing? Action identification and human behavior. Psychological Review, 94(1), 3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vallerand, R. J. (1997). Towards a hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 29, 271–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60019-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vallerand, R. J., Fortier, M. S., & Guay, F. (1997). Self-determination and persistence in a real-life setting: Toward a motivational model of high school dropout. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 1161–1176.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • WHO. (2000). The world health report 2000: Health systems: Improving performance. World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkowski, B., & Robinson, M. (2016). Cognitive control processes underlying individual differences in self-control. In E. R. Hirt, J. J. Clarkson, & L. Jia (Eds.), Self-regulation and ego control (pp. 301-324). Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang-Wallentin, F., Schmidt, P., Davidov, E., & Bamberg, S. (2004). Is there any interaction effect between intention and perceived behavioral control. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 127–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, C. Q., Zhang, R., Schwarzer, R., & Hagger, M. S. (2019). A meta-analysis of the health action process approach. Health Psychology, Advance online publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, G., Gan, Y., Miao, M., Hamilton, K., Knoll, N., & Schwarzer, R. (2015a). The role of action control and action planning on fruit and vegetable consumption. Appetite, 91, 64–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, G., Sun, C., Knoll, N., Hamilton, K., & Schwarzer, R. (2015b). Self-efficacy, planning and action control in an oral self-care intervention. Health Education Research, 30(4), 671–681.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ziegelmann, J. P., Lippke, S., & Schwarzer, R. (2006). Adoption and maintenance of physical activity: Planning interventions in young, middle-aged, and older adults. Psychology & Health, 21(2), 145–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/1476832050018891

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

    Ines Pfeffer & Thomas Hannan

  2. Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia

    Kyra Hamilton

  3. University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

    Mirko Wegner

Authors
  1. Ines Pfeffer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kyra Hamilton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Thomas Hannan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mirko Wegner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ines Pfeffer .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Universität Konstanz, Constance, Germany

    Julia Schüler

  2. University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

    Mirko Wegner

  3. Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

    Henning Plessner

  4. Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA

    Robert C. Eklund

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Pfeffer, I., Hamilton, K., Hannan, T., Wegner, M. (2023). Models to Explain and Change Health Behavior and Physical Activity. In: Schüler, J., Wegner, M., Plessner, H., Eklund, R.C. (eds) Sport and Exercise Psychology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-03921-8_25

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation