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Isabella of Valois: Child Queen

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Later Plantagenet and the Wars of the Roses Consorts

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Abstract

When she married Richard II in 1396, Isabella de Valois became the youngest English consort at the age of six, although Richard’s deposition in 1399 meant that Isabella was queen for barely three years. The relationship between Richard II and Isabella has been characterised as more similar to one between a father and daughter than a husband and wife. Isabella has mainly been overshadowed by Richard’s first wife and was the target of criticism due to her youth. Marriage to Isabella brought Richard a huge dowry and secured a peace treaty with France. Notwithstanding her age, Isabella is recorded to have acted as an intercessor on several occasions, demonstrating the importance of queenly intercession despite an apparent lack of agency. After the deposition of her husband, Isabella remained stranded in England while her parents negotiated her return. Her death in childbirth at the age of twenty meant that Isabella remains one of England’s most obscure and forgotten consorts.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Isabella is known to history as Isabella of Valois to differentiate her from her husband’s great-grandmother, another Isabella of France.

  2. 2.

    Lisa Hilton, Queens Consort: England’s Medieval Queens (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2008), 326–353.

  3. 3.

    Hilda Johnstone, “The Queen’s Household,” in Chapters in the Administrative History of Mediaeval History: The Wardrobe, The Chamber, and the Small Seals, ed. T.F. Tout, 6 vols. (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1920–1933), 5:263.

  4. 4.

    Jenny Stratford, Richard II and the English Royal Treasure (Woodbridge: Boydell, 2012), 325; TNA E 101/411/9.

  5. 5.

    Rachel Gibbons, “Isabeau of Bavaria, Queen of France (1385–1422): The Creation of an Historical Villainess: The Alexander Prize Essay,” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 6 (1996): 57.

  6. 6.

    Tracy Adams, The Life and Afterlife of Isabeau of Bavaria (Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 2010), 232.

  7. 7.

    Stratford, Richard II and the English Royal Treasure, 23.

  8. 8.

    John Taylor, ed., The Kirkstall Abbey Chronicles (Leeds: Thoresby Society, 1952), 120.

  9. 9.

    Gibbons, “Isabeau of Bavaria,” 58; Adams, The Life and Afterlife of Isabeau of Bavaria, 233.

  10. 10.

    Adams, The Life and Afterlife of Isabeau of Bavaria, 232; Tracy Adams, “Medieval Mothers and their Children: The Case of Isabeau of Bavaria,” in Childhood in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance: The Results of a Paradigm Shift in the History of Mentality, ed. Albrecht Classen (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2005), 265–290.

  11. 11.

    Rachel C. Gibbons, “The Queen as ‘Social Mannequin’: Consumerism and Expenditure at the Court of Isabeau of Bavaria, 1393–1422,” Journal of Medieval History 26, no. 4 (2000): 384.

  12. 12.

    J.J.N. Palmer, “The Background to Richard II’s Marriage to Isabel of France (1396),” Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research 44, no. 109 (1971): 5.

  13. 13.

    In addition to Kristen Geaman’s chapter on Anne of Bohemia in this volume, see: Caroline M. Barron, “Richard II: Image and Reality,” in The Wilton Diptych: Making and Meaning, ed. Dillian Gordon (London: National Gallery, 1993), 15; John M. Bowers, “Chaste Marriage: Fashion and Texts at the Court of Richard II,” Pacific Coast Philology 30, no. 1 (1995): 16; Nigel Saul, Richard II (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), 324; Kristen L. Geaman, “Anne of Bohemia and Her Struggle to Conceive,” Social History of Medicine 29, no. 2 (2016): 2.

  14. 14.

    Katherine J. Lewis, “Becoming a Virgin King: Richard II and Edward the Confessor,” in Gender and Holiness: Men, Women and Saints in Late Medieval Europe, ed. Samantha J. E. Riches and Sarah Salih (London: Routledge, 2002), 87.

  15. 15.

    Nigel Saul, “Richard II and Westminster Abbey,” in The Cloister and the World: Essays in Medieval History Presented to Barbara Harvey, ed. John Blair and Brian Golding (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), 208.

  16. 16.

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  17. 17.

    Anthony Steel, Richard II (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1941), 214.

  18. 18.

    Palmer, “The Background to Richard II’s Marriage,” 1–2.

  19. 19.

    J.J.N. Palmer, England, France and Christendom, 1377–1399 (London: Routledge, 1972), 167.

  20. 20.

    Palmer, England, France and Christendom, 166–167.

  21. 21.

    Palmer, “The Background to Richard II’s Marriage,” 5–6.

  22. 22.

    Palmer, “The Background to Richard II’s Marriage,” 16.

  23. 23.

    Philippe de Mézières, Letter to King Richard II, ed. G.W. Coopland (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1975), 67–68; Rosemary Howard Gill, “Saving the King: Philippe de Mézières’ Representation of Charles VI of France in Le Songe du Vieil Pelerin and L’Epistre au Roi Richart,” French History 31, no. 1 (2017): 1–19.

  24. 24.

    Stratford, Richard II and the English Royal Treasure, 64–65.

  25. 25.

    Christopher John Phillpotts, “John of Gaunt and English Policy Towards France, 1389–1395,” Journal of Medieval History 16 (1990): 384.

  26. 26.

    Palmer, England, France and Christendom, 168–170; TNA E 30/326.

  27. 27.

    Tout, Chapters in the Administrative History of Mediaeval History, 4:5; James H. Ramsay, Genesis of Lancaster, 1307–1399 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1913), 305; Chris Given-Wilson, ed., The Chronicle of Adam Usk 1377–1421 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 20–21.

  28. 28.

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  29. 29.

    Palmer, England, France and Christendom, 169, 174.

  30. 30.

    Calendar of Patent Rolls, 1272–1413 (London: HMSO, 1891–1905): CPR, 1396–1399, 40.

  31. 31.

    CPR, 1396–1399, 403, 408 and 431.

  32. 32.

    Chris Given-Wilson, The Royal Household and the King’s Affinity: Service, Politics and Finance in England, 1360–1413 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986), 93.

  33. 33.

    Jean Froissart, Chronicles of England, France and Spain, trans. Thomas Johnes, 2 vols. (London, 1839–1844), 2:583.

  34. 34.

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  35. 35.

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  36. 36.

    St Albans Chronicle, 2:50; Thomas Walsingham, The Chronica Maiora of Thomas Walsingham (1376–1422), trans. David Preest (Woodbridge: Boydell, 2005), 297; Palmer, England, France and Christendom, 174; Lisa Monnas, “Silk Cloths Purchased for the Great Wardrobe of the Kings of England, 1325–1462,” Textile History 20, no. 2 (1989): 291; TNA E 361/5/7r 18–21.

  37. 37.

    George B. Stow, ed., Historia Vitae et Regni Ricardi Secundi (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1977), 136.

  38. 38.

    J.L. Kirby, “Isabella [Isabella of France] (1389–1409),” ODNB, https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/14486.

  39. 39.

    John Carmi Parsons, “Ritual and Symbol in the English Medieval Queenship to 1500,” in Women and Sovereignty, ed. Louise Olga Fradenburg (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1992), 64.

  40. 40.

    CPR, 1396–1399, 41, 71.

  41. 41.

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  42. 42.

    Froissart, Chronicles, 2: 600.

  43. 43.

    Helen Lacey, The Royal Pardon: Access to Mercy in Fourteenth-Century England (Woodbridge: York Medieval Press, 2009), 46.

  44. 44.

    CPR, 1396–1399, 136; Caroline M. Barron, “The Quarrel of Richard II with London 1392–1397,” in Medieval London: Collected Papers of Caroline M. Barron, ed. Martha Carlin and Joel T. Rosenthal (Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute, 2017), 43.

  45. 45.

    Barron, “The Quarrel of Richard II,” 39; Richard Maidstone, Concordia: The Reconciliation of Richard with London, trans. A.G. Rigg and ed. David R. Carlson (Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, 2003), 50–80; CPR, 1391–1396, 146, 206.

  46. 46.

    Taylor, The Kirkstall Abbey Chronicles, 120; The Westminster Chronicle, 1381–1394, trans. L.C. Hector and Barbara F. Harvey (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982), 92.

  47. 47.

    TNA SC 8/181/9021.

  48. 48.

    CPR, 1396–1399, 68, 74, 150, 153, 329, 414, 424.

  49. 49.

    Chronicque de la Traïson et Mort de Richart Deux Roy d’Engleterre, ed. Benjamin Williams (London, 1846), 109;

    Stratford, Richard II and the English Royal Treasure, 16, 52, 151–152, 274–275.

  50. 50.

    Stratford, Richard II and the English Royal Treasure, 52, 389.

  51. 51.

    TNA E 101/411/9; Stratford, Richard II and the English Royal Treasure, 6.

  52. 52.

    Palmer, England, France and Christendom, 174.

  53. 53.

    John Nichols, ed., A Collection of All the Wills Now Known to be Extant of the Kings and Queens of England (London, 1780), 198–199.

  54. 54.

    Stratford, Richard II and the English Royal Treasure, 57, 64–65.

  55. 55.

    Saul, Richard II, 457–458; TNA E 101/411/9, m. 14.

  56. 56.

    Stratford, Richard II and the English Royal Treasure, 84–85; TNA E101/403/15.

  57. 57.

    Stratford, Richard II and the English Royal Treasure, 30, 36.

  58. 58.

    Stratford, Richard II and the English Royal Treasure, 63, 290.

  59. 59.

    Stratford, Richard II and the English Royal Treasure, 85.

  60. 60.

    Stratford, Richard II and the English Royal Treasure, 19, 20, 65.

  61. 61.

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  62. 62.

    Stratford, Richard II and the English Royal Treasure, 33, 66, 86.

  63. 63.

    Stratford, Richard II and the English Royal Treasure, 105.

  64. 64.

    Stratford, Richard II and the English Royal Treasure, 325.

  65. 65.

    Christopher Phillpotts, “The Fate of the Truce of Paris, 1396–1415,” Journal of Medieval History 24, no. 1 (1998): 65.

  66. 66.

    Traison et Mort, 163–170.

  67. 67.

    Stratford, Richard II and the English Royal Treasure, 291–292.

  68. 68.

    Traison et Mort, 163–170.

  69. 69.

    Chronique du Religieux de Saint-Denys 1380–1422, ed. Louis François Bellaguet, 6 vols. (France, 1840), 2:704.

  70. 70.

    Traison et Mort, 163–170.

  71. 71.

    CPR, 1401–1405, 218.

  72. 72.

    A.L. Brown and Henry Summerson, “Henry IV [known as Henry Bolingbroke] (1367–1413), king of England and lord of Ireland, and duke of Aquitaine,” ODNB, https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/12951.

  73. 73.

    CPR, 1388–1401, 353; TNA E 101/404/12, warrant to Stephen Ingram, treasurer of Isabella’s household.

  74. 74.

    Henry Thomas Riley, ed., Johannis de Trokelowe et Henrici de Blaneforde Chronica et Annales (London, 1866), 324; Walsingham, Chronica Maiora, 316.

  75. 75.

    Phillpotts, “The Fate of the Truce of Paris,” 69.

  76. 76.

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  77. 77.

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  78. 78.

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  79. 79.

    CPR, 1388–1401, 503–504.

  80. 80.

    Given-Wilson, The Chronicle of Adam Usk, 132–133. “Nigris induta, regi Henrico multum depressum et maleuolum in recessu, uix os apperiens, exhibendo uultum.”

  81. 81.

    Given-Wilson, The Chronicle of Adam Usk, 132–133. “Quibusdam aduentui eius ad regnum quia ipsius totam turbacionem causanti maledicentibus, quibusdam aliis quod post eius recessum… maiorem causaret uindicte fomite inferri molestiam asserentibus procurari per eandem.”

  82. 82.

    Stratford, Richard II and the English Royal Treasure, 2.

  83. 83.

    Traison et Mort, 225–237; Given-Wilson, Henry IV, 172–173.

  84. 84.

    Adams, The Life and Afterlife of Isabeau of Bavaria, 233.

  85. 85.

    Traison et Mort, 168; Phillpotts, “The Fate of the Truce of Paris,” 70.

  86. 86.

    Père Anselme, Histoire Généalogique et Chronologique de la Maison Royale de France, des Pairs, Grands Officiers de la Couronne et de la Maison du Roy et des Anciens Barons du Royaume, 9 vols. (Paris, 1726–1733), 1:208.

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Tingle, L. (2023). Isabella of Valois: Child Queen. In: Norrie, A., Harris, C., Laynesmith, J., Messer, D.R., Woodacre, E. (eds) Later Plantagenet and the Wars of the Roses Consorts. Queenship and Power. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94886-3_6

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