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African Traditional Religion, Social Justice, and Human Rights

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Abstract

The gap between the ancient and the modern world notwithstanding, the constituents of social justice and human rights are found in African past, and this informs Africans’ critical perspective and appreciation of their evolution as social constructs in the nineteenth century as well as their attendant political significance. While African theologians and African humanists divide on the African Traditional Religion (ATR) being the basis of African ethics, the disparate positions of radical and moderate African communitarians further expand and contribute to scholarly arguments on the relationship between religion and ethics as well as faith and reason. The debates nevertheless, there are lucid indices that the struggle, promotion, and management of ideas of individual rights are recognized within African communalists’ ideology and structure in the enforcement of social justice based on their ethics. By exploring scholarly works through critical approach, it is apparent that social justice and respect for human rights which hinge on ATR and African moral system still found strong acceptability to try several cases of injustice, moral and financial corruptions, violent conflicts, and crimes in some African communities. The chapter therefore concludes that ATR is a significant missing link between social justice with respect to human rights and their enforcements in modern Africa.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Brigid M. Sackey, “Colonialism,” in Michael D. Palmer and Stanley M. Burgress (eds). The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Religion and Social Justice (West Sussex: Blackwell Publishing Limited, 2012).

  2. 2.

    Ibid.

  3. 3.

    Patrick Kofi Amissah, “Religion and Social Justice in Africa,” in Nimi Wariboko and Toyin Falola, The Palgrave Handbook of African Social Ethics (Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020).

  4. 4.

    Michael D. Palmer and Stanley M. Burgress (eds). The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Religion and Social Justice (West Sussex: Blackwell Publishing Limited, 2012).

  5. 5.

    Ibid.

  6. 6.

    Karien Stronks, Brigit Toebes, Aart Hendriks, Umar Ikram, and Sridhar Venkatapuram, Social Justice and Human Rights as a Framework for Addressing Social Determinants of Health. Final Report of the Task Group on Equity, Equality and Human Rights Review of Social Determinants of Health and the Health Divide in the WHO European Region. (Denmark: World Health Organization, 2016), 6.

  7. 7.

    Kwame Gyekye, “African Ethics,” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2011 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2011/entries/african-ethics/.

  8. 8.

    Ibid.

  9. 9.

    Editorial, “Ethical Religion,” The Biblical World, vol. 38, no. 5 (1911), 293.

  10. 10.

    Emile Durkheim, The Elementary Form of Religious Life: A Study in Religious Sociology. Trans by Joseph Ward (Mineola, NY: Dover Publication, 2008), 47.

  11. 11.

    Ibid., 44.

  12. 12.

    Ibid., 44.

  13. 13.

    John S. Mbiti, African Religion and Philosophy (London: Heinemann, 1969).

  14. 14.

    Charles Joseph Adams, “Classification of Religions,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2020, Online, https://www.britannica.com/topic/classification-of-religions (Accessed 07/07/2020).

  15. 15.

    Ibid.

  16. 16.

    Namawu Alhassan Alolo, African Traditional Religion and Concepts of Development: A Background Paper (University of Birmingham, International Development Department, 2007) https://core.ac.uk/reader/1633008.

  17. 17.

    J. Omosade Awolalu and P. Adejumo Dopamu, West African Traditional Religion (Onibonje Press, 1979).

  18. 18.

    Namawu Alhassan Alolo, African Traditional Religion and Concepts of Development: A Background Paper (Working Paper No. 17, Religions and Development Research Programme, University of Birmingham, UK, 2007).

  19. 19.

    Emeife Ikenga-Metuh, Comparative Studies of African Traditional Religions (Onitsha, Nigeria: IMICO Publishers, 1987), 243.

  20. 20.

    Bolaji Idowu, Olodumare: God In Yoruba Belief, rev. ed. 1996 (Ibadan: Longman, 1962), 150.

  21. 21.

    Robert M. Baum, “Africa Religion and Social Justice among the Diola of Senegal, Gambia, and Guinea-Bissau,” in Michael D. Palmer and Stanley M. Burgess (eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Religion and Social Justice (West Sussex: Blackwell Publishing, 2012).

  22. 22.

    John S. Mbiti, Introduction to African Religion (Nairobi: Heinemann, 1989), 175.

  23. 23.

    Odowu, Olodumare: God In Yoruba Belief, 150.

  24. 24.

    Irene Omolola Adadevoh, “A Humanistic Explication of the Transcendental Implications of Segun Ogungbemi’s ‘Belief in God’,” in Segun Ogungbemi, God, Reason and Death (Ibadan: Hope Publications, 2008), 51.

  25. 25.

    Godfrey Wilson, “An African Morality,” in Simon Ottenberg and Phoebe Ottenberg (eds.), Cultures and Societies of Africa (New York: Random House, 1960), 348.

  26. 26.

    Kwasi Wiredu, “The Moral Foundation of an African Culture,” in P.H. Coetzee and A.P.J. Roux, The African Philosophy Reader (London: Routledge, 2005), 338–339.

  27. 27.

    Ibid., 339.

  28. 28.

    Gyeke, “African Ethics,” https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2011/entries/african-ethics/.

  29. 29.

    Walter Goodnow Everett, “The Relation of Ethics to Religion,” International Journal of Ethics vol. 10, no. 4 (1900), 479–493, 481.

  30. 30.

    Everett, “The Relation of Ethics to Religion.”

  31. 31.

    Proverbs 6: 6, NIV.

  32. 32.

    Psalms 19: 1, 3–4, 7, NIV

  33. 33.

    Ogbu Kalu, “God as Policemen: Religion and Social Order in Igboland,” in Jacob K. Olupona and Sulayman S. Nyang, Religious Plurality in Africa Essays in Honour of John S. Mbiti (Berlin: De Gruyter, 1993).

  34. 34.

    Kalu, Ogbu, “God as Policemen: Religion and Social Order in Igboland.”

  35. 35.

    Idowu, Olodumare: God In Yoruba Belief.

  36. 36.

    George Bradon, “Shango,” Encyclopaedia of African Religion (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2009), 612.

  37. 37.

    Ama Mazama, “Ogun,” Encyclopaedia of African Religion (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2009), 482.

  38. 38.

    Kalu, “God as Policemen.”

  39. 39.

    Mazama, “Ogun,” 482.

  40. 40.

    Awolalu and Adejumo, West African Traditional Religion.

  41. 41.

    Ibid.

  42. 42.

    Baum, “Africa: Religion and Social Justice.”

  43. 43.

    Ibid.

  44. 44.

    Ibid.

  45. 45.

    Ibid.

  46. 46.

    M.E.S. van den Berg, “On a Communitarian Ethos, Equality and Human Rights in Africa,” Alternation vol. 6, no. 1 (1999), 193–212.

  47. 47.

    Hasskei M. Majeed, “Moderate Communitarianism is Different: A Response to J. O. Famakinwa and B. Matolino,” Journal of Philosophy and Culture vol. 6, no. 1 (2018), 4.

  48. 48.

    Ibid.

  49. 49.

    Nimi Wariboko, “Between Community and My Mother: A Theory of Agonistic Communitarianism,” in Nimi Wariboko and Toyin Falola, The Palgrave Handbook of African Social Ethics (Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020).

  50. 50.

    Ibid., 152.

  51. 51.

    van den Berg, “On a Communitarian Ethos, Equality and Human Rights in Africa,” 193–212.

  52. 52.

    Ibid.

  53. 53.

    Ibid.

  54. 54.

    Augustine Shutte, Philosophy for Africa (Rondebosch, South Africa: UCT Press, 1993), 46.

  55. 55.

    Dirk J. Louw, “Ubuntu: An African Assessment of the Religious Other,” Philosophy in Africa, (Accessed on 20 July, 2020), from https://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Afri/AfriLouw.htm#top.

  56. 56.

    Baum, “Africa: Religion and Social Justice.”

  57. 57.

    National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR), Fourth Population and Housing Census, Rwanda, Thematic Report 2012 Socio-Cultural Characteristics of the Population (Kigali: NISR, 2014).

  58. 58.

    “South Africa’s People,” in Pocket Guide to South Africa (Government of South Africa, 2011/2012). (Accessed 29/01/2020) 12, from, https://www.gcis.gov.za/sites/www.gcis.gov.za/files/docs/resourcecentre/pocketguide/004_saspeople.pdf.

  59. 59.

    World Fact Book, “Nigeria,” (Accessed 29/07/2020) from, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/attachments/summaries/NI-summary.pdf, 2019.

  60. 60.

    BBC News website “David Cameron Calls Nigeria and Afghanistan Fantastically Corrupt” (Accessed 29/07/2020) from, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-36260193.

  61. 61.

    Eghosa Osa Ekhator, “Traditional Oath-Taking as an Anti-Corruption Strategy in Nigeria,” in Akogwu Agada (ed.,), Combating the Challenges of Corruption in Nigeria: A Multidisciplinary Conversation (Awka: Black Towers Publishers, 2018).

  62. 62.

    Itohan Mercy Idumwonyia and Solomon Ijeweimen Ikhidero, “Resurgence of the Traditional Justice System in Postcolonial Benin (Nigeria) Society,” African Journal of Legal Studies, vol. 6, no. 1 (2013), 123–135.

  63. 63.

    Bert Ingelaere, “The Gacaca Court in Rwanda,” in Luc Huyse and Mark Salter (eds.), Traditional Justice and Reconciliation After Violent Conflict: Learning from African Experiences (Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2008), 25–59.

  64. 64.

    Ibid.

  65. 65.

    Victor Igreja and Beatrice Dias-Lambranca, “Restorative Justice and the Role of Magamba Spirits in Post-Civil War Gorongosa, Central Mozambique,” in Luc Huyse and Mark Salter (eds.), Traditional Justice and Reconciliation After Violent Conflict: Learning from African Experiences (Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2008), 61–83.

  66. 66.

    Ibid., 70.

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Ijaola, S.O. (2022). African Traditional Religion, Social Justice, and Human Rights. In: Aderibigbe, I.S., Falola, T. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of African Traditional Religion. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89500-6_28

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