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Innovations in Placental Pathology

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Benirschke's Pathology of the Human Placenta

Abstract

Over the past two decades, multiple new methods have been developed for probing the structure and function of human tissues and organ systems. These innovative methods have paved the road toward a new era in medicine, where diseases are subclassified, not only based on histology but also at the molecular level, and often based on an integrated assessment of clinical signs and symptoms, detailed in vivo imaging, and histologic and molecular evaluation of biopsied tissues. Advances in detection, identification, and quantification of both cell-free and extracellular vesicle-derived biomarkers in the blood are more commonly allowing for noninvasive measures of organ function, precluding the need for invasive biopsies. In addition, stem cells, “organoids,” and “organ-on-a-chip” models have permitted the study of human cells and tissues in greater detail and complexity. The application of these innovative methods to the human placenta is detailed in this chapter, highlighting not only the new information gained about the structure and function of this important transient organ but also the ways in which this information can be translated into, and thus transform, the practice of placental pathology.

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Abbreviations

3D-PD:

3D power doppler

aCGH:

Array-based comparative genomic hybridization

ADC:

Apparent diffusion coefficient

AFP :

Alpha feto-protein

ARFI:

Acoustic radiation force impulse

ASL:

Arterial spin labeling

BAP:

BMP4, A83-01, PD173074

BMP4:

Bone morphogenetic protein-4

BOLD:

Blood oxygen level-dependent

C19MC:

Chromosome 19 miRNA cluster

cffDNA:

Cell-free fetal DNA

CHM:

Complete hydatidiform mole

CRH:

Corticotrophin releasing hormone

CTB:

Cytotrophoblast

DCE:

Dynamic contrast enhancement

DESI:

Desorption electrospray ionization

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DSP:

Digital spatial profiling

EPSC:

Expanded Potential Stem Cells

EV:

Extracellular vesicles

EVT:

Extravillous trophoblast

FCE:

Fetal central nervous system-derived extracellular vesicles

ff:

Fetal fraction

FFPE:

Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded

FGF4:

Fibroblast growth factor 4

fMRI:

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

FrVol-PD:

Fractional volume of pulse Doppler

FSH :

Follicle-stimulating hormone

GDM:

Gestational diabetes mellitus

GO:

Gene ontology

GTD:

Gestational trophoblastic disease

hCG:

Human chorionic gonadotropin

hESC:

Human embryonic stem cells

HIF:

Hypoxia-inducible factor

hiPSC:

Human induced pluripotent stem cells

HPA:

Hypothalamic-pituitary axis

hPL:

Human placental lactogen

hPSC:

Human pluripotent stem cells

hTSC:

Human trophoblast stem cells

ICM:

Inner cell mass

ICP:

Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy

IHC:

Immunohistochemistry

IMC:

Imaging mass cytometry

ISH:

In situ hybridization

IUGR:

Intrauterine growth restriction

LCM:

Laser-capture microdissection

LGA:

Large for gestational age

LH:

Luteinizing hormone

lncRNA:

Long noncoding RNA

MALDI:

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization

MIBI:

Multiplex ion beam imaging

miRNA:

Micro-RNA

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

MSAFP:

Maternal serum alpha feto-protein

MSI:

Mass spectrometric imaging

NK cells:

Natural killer cells

PAPP-A:

Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A

PBMC:

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells

pCASL:

Pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling

PE:

Preeclampsia

PET:

Positron emission tomography

PHT:

Primary human trophoblast

PLAP:

Placental alkaline phosphatase

PlGF:

Placental growth factor

RNA:

Ribonucleic acid

ROI:

Region of interest

RT-PCR:

Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction

scRNAseq:

Single cell RNA sequencing

sFlt1:

Soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1

SGA:

Small for gestational age

SNA:

Syncytial nuclear aggregates

SNR:

Signal-to-noise ratio

SOLiD:

Sequencing by Oligonucleotide Ligation and Detection

STB :

Syncytiotrophoblast

STBM:

Syncytiotrophoblast microvesicles or microparticles

SWE:

Shear-wave elastography

TE:

Trophectoderm

TSH:

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

UBE:

Ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes

VI:

Vascularization index

XEN:

Extraembryonic endoderm

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of California San Diego, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA

    Priyadarshini Pantham, Kathy Zhang-Rutledge, Srimeenakshi Srinivasan, Leah M. Lamale-Smith & Louise C. Laurent

  2. University of California San Diego, Department of Pathology, La Jolla, CA, USA

    Francesca Soncin & Mana M. Parast

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  1. Priyadarshini Pantham
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  2. Francesca Soncin
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  3. Kathy Zhang-Rutledge
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  4. Srimeenakshi Srinivasan
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  5. Leah M. Lamale-Smith
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  6. Louise C. Laurent
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  7. Mana M. Parast
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Correspondence to Mana M. Parast .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA

    Rebecca N. Baergen

  2. Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

    Graham J. Burton

  3. Professor Emeritus of Pathology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA

    Cynthia G. Kaplan

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Pantham, P. et al. (2022). Innovations in Placental Pathology. In: Baergen, R.N., Burton, G.J., Kaplan, C.G. (eds) Benirschke's Pathology of the Human Placenta. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84725-8_31

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