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Sources and Distribution of Fecal Coliforms in the Coastal Environment: A Case Study from Chilika Lagoon, Odisha, India

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Coastal Ecosystems

Part of the book series: Coastal Research Library ((COASTALRL,volume 38))

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Abstract

Worldwide, the contamination of coastal waters by fecal coliforms (FC) is an ongoing public health problem, and the Chilika Lagoon is no exception to it. Chilika, a brackish water coastal lagoon located in the Odisha state of India, is a biodiversity hotspot supporting commercial fisheries, water birds, and wildlife. Fisherman villages densely surround the lagoon, and dumping of solid waste and domestic sewage into the lagoon has become a common practice. We examined the long-term spatiotemporal distribution of FC in a 3-year period from 2017 to 2019, in the Chilika Lagoon and its drainage rivers. FC loads were represented as the most probable number (MPN) which varied seasonally and sectorally ranging from 0 to 2400 MPN/100 ml. The highest average FC load (17 MPN/100 ml) was recorded during monsoon and the lowest (7 MPN/100 ml) during summer. When FC loads of the lagoon were compared with Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) guidelines for Class SW-II waters, >100 MPN/100 ml values were obtained from 5 (2017), 8 (2018), and 14 (2019) water samples. Kantabania (142 MPN/100 ml) and Kusumi (189 MPN/100 ml) rivers recorded much higher FC loads. Samples collected from Odialpur, a shoreline village, showed an average FC load of 279 MPN/100 ml, indicating a point source of fecal pollution. The runoff from rivers, sewage disposal from villages, birds, and livestock could be the possible sources of FC loads into the lagoon. Overall, FC loads in the lagoon were mostly within safe limits as prescribed for water used for bathing, contact water sports, and commercial fishing. The low FC load in the lagoon could be due to the quick inactivation and rapid mortality of fecal bacteria by the high salinity of the water. Salinity showed a statistically significant negative relationship (r = −0.06, p-value < 0.05) with MPN counts. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences amplified from FC isolates revealed that they belonged to Shigella flexneri (seven isolates), Klebsiella pneumoniae (three isolates), and Escherichia fergusonii (one isolate). Antibiotic resistance profiles showed that all isolates were resistant to one or more antibiotics. The large data set on FC would be useful for wetland management authorities and decision-makers towards pollution control monitoring schemes in Chilika Lagoon.

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Acknowledgments

The study was supported by the funding of the World Bank (Credit No. 4765-IN) awarded to Chilika Development Authority (Government of Odisha) under the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Project (ICZMP). The financial support received from National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems (NPCA) to Chilika Development Authority (CDA) is also acknowledged. Bibhuti Bhusan Dora, Research Fellow (GIS cell), is acknowledged for the preparation of the sampling map.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Wetland Research and Training Centre, Chilika Development Authority, Balugaon, Odisha, India

    Madhusmita Mohapatra, Stiti Prangya Dash, Pratiksha Behera, Sudhakar Panda & Gurdeep Rastogi

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  1. Madhusmita Mohapatra
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  2. Stiti Prangya Dash
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  3. Pratiksha Behera
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  4. Sudhakar Panda
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  5. Gurdeep Rastogi
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Shaheed Bhagat Singh College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India

    Sughosh Madhav

  2. Department of Civil Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, Delhi, India

    Sadaf Nazneen

  3. PGDAV College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, India

    Pardeep Singh

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Mohapatra, M., Dash, S.P., Behera, P., Panda, S., Rastogi, G. (2022). Sources and Distribution of Fecal Coliforms in the Coastal Environment: A Case Study from Chilika Lagoon, Odisha, India. In: Madhav, S., Nazneen, S., Singh, P. (eds) Coastal Ecosystems. Coastal Research Library, vol 38. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84255-0_2

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