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The Future of the Automated City: Social, Technical and Ethical Perspectives

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The Automated City

Abstract

The previous chapter discussed particular issues in relation to Automated Vehicles, urban robots and urban drones. This chapter discusses visions, perspectives and challenges of the Automated City more generally, including aspirational visions of future cities, what must be overcome or addressed towards a favourable notion of the Automated City, and issues of governance, new business models, city transportation, sustainability, real-time tracking, urban edge computing, blockchain, technical challenges of cooperation, and trust, fairness and ethics in relation to AI and algorithms in the city—we elaborate on the last two aspects in more detail.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2019/04/see-sustainable-future-city-designed-for-people-and-nature/ [last accessed: 28/1/2021].

  2. 2.

    https://www.fastcompany.com/90456312/pariss-mayor-has-a-dream-for-a-15-minute-city [last accessed: 28/1/2021].

  3. 3.

    https://www.britannica.com/topic/Our-Future-Eco-Cities-Beyond-Automobile-Dependence-2118409 [last accessed: 22/1/2021].

  4. 4.

    https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/sep/18/paradise-life-spanish-city-banned-cars-pontevedra [last accessed: 22/1/2021].

  5. 5.

    https://www.renotalk.com/article/singapore-greenest-city [last accessed: 28/1/2021].

  6. 6.

    http://senseable.mit.edu/treepedia/cities/singapore [last accessed: 28/1/2021].

  7. 7.

    https://futurereality.wordpress.com/2012/05/10/green-cities-possibilities-of-the-future/ [22/1/2021].

  8. 8.

    As noted by Brownell (a previous CEO of D-Wave, a quantum computing company; https://qz.com/1566061/quantum-computing-will-change-the-way-the-world-uses-energy/ [last accessed: 15/2/2021]):

    Most modern classical supercomputers use between 1 to 10 megawatts of power on average, which is enough electricity to meet the instantaneous demand of almost 10,000 homes. As a year’s worth of electricity at 1 megawatt costs about $1 million in the US, this leads to multimillion-dollar price tags for operating these classical supercomputers.

    Brownell also says:

    In contrast, each comparable quantum computer using 25 kW of power costs about $25,000 per unit per year to run.

    The emerging paradigm of quantum computing then becomes a powerful alternative for compute-intensive applications, not only due to potential speed-ups (which could also imply less energy used), but also from the perspective of energy efficiency per unit of computation work done.

  9. 9.

    https://thedigestonline.com/community-human-interest/sustainable-cities-of-the-future/ [last accessed: 28/1/2021].

  10. 10.

    https://www.biophiliccities.org/our-vision [last accessed: 28/1/2021].

  11. 11.

    https://www.smartcitiesworld.net/news/news/tencent-unveils-plans-for-futuristic-net-city-in-shenzhen-5362 [last accessed: 28/1/2021].

  12. 12.

    See https://akoncity.com, and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8pff0k_dirE, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tt45h7d6_4Q [last accessed: 22/1/2021].

  13. 13.

    https://blog.toyota.co.uk/toyota-woven-city-hydrogen-power [last accessed: 22/1/2021].

  14. 14.

    https://www.arch2o.com/city-in-the-sky-concept-tsvetan-toshkov/ [last accessed: 22/1/2021].

  15. 15.

    A discussion on social media’s contribution to political misperceptions in presidential elections in the US is available at https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0213500 [last accessed: 16/6/2021].

  16. 16.

    A discussion on this issue is at https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/exercise-and-mental-health-during-covid-19-study-explores-link-trends [last accessed: 16/6/2021].

  17. 17.

    https://qz.com/911968/bill-gates-the-robot-that-takes-your-job-should-pay-taxes/ [last accessed: 15/2/2021].

  18. 18.

    https://www.futureofworkhub.info/comment/2019/12/4/robot-tax-the-pros-and-cons-of-taxing- robotic-technology-in-the-workplace [last accessed: 15/2/2021].

  19. 19.

    See also the summary at https://clsbluesky.law.columbia.edu/2017/06/06/how-tax-policy-favors-robots-over-workers-and-what-to-do-about-it/.

  20. 20.

    https://www.enterprisesg.gov.sg/financial-assistance/grants/for-local-companies/enterprise-development-grant/innovation-and-productivity/automation [last accessed: 15/2/2021].

  21. 21.

    It is interesting to note the word-of-machine effect supported by experiments: “if someone is focused on utilitarian and functional qualities, then, from a marketer’s perspective, the word of a machine is more effective than the word of human recommenders. For someone focused on experiential and sensory qualities, human recommenders are more effective.”—quoted from https://hbr.org/2020/10/when-do-we-trust-ais-recommendations-more-than-peoples.

  22. 22.

    As an example, a discussion of smart city technologies and new business models, perhaps starting from informal enterprises, in Sub-Saharan Africa is in https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/orchestrating-smart-cities-new-disruptive-business-models-and-informal-enterprises [last accessed: 17/2/2021]. Other examples of new business models arising from smart city projects are at https://www.capgemini.com/2019/02/smart-cities-emergence-of-new-business-models/ [last accessed: 17/2/2021].

  23. 23.

    https://www.smh.com.au/education/university-degrees-obsolete-report-ernst-young-20180501-p4zcn5.html [last accessed: 17/2/2021].

  24. 24.

    See https://www.wionews.com/technology/new-normal-robots-being-used-for-home-deliveries- due-to-surge-in-covid-cases-377223; the robots were developed by OTSAW, http://otsaw.com [last accessed: 20/4/2021].

  25. 25.

    See https://dominos.gcs-web.com/news-releases/news-release-details/dominosr-and-nuro-launch-autonomous-pizza-delivery-road-robot—the vehicles are called R2, by a company called Nuro, https://www.nuro.ai/ [last accessed: 20/4/2021].

  26. 26.

    For example, see https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2020/06/24/autonomous-driving-business-models-part-one/ [last accessed: 17/2/2021] for a discussion.

  27. 27.

    For example, see https://techcrunch.com/2020/08/16/autox-launches-its-robotaxi-service-in-shanghai-competing-with-didis-pilot-program/ and https://techcrunch.com/2020/06/30/momenta-robotaxis/ [last accessed: 13/4/2021].

  28. 28.

    See https://www.forbes.com/sites/lanceeliot/2019/06/11/making-money-on-self-driving-cars-the-roving-eye-will-be-golden/ [last accessed: 13/4/2021].

  29. 29.

    For example, see the role of LIDAR in relation to weather at https://lidarmag.com/2019/12/04/not-just-for-surveying-lidars-big-impact-in-weather/ [last accessed: 17/6/2021].

  30. 30.

    See https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2019/08/05/robots-as-a-service-a-technology-trend-every-business-must-consider/ and https://insights.rlist.io/p/report-robot-as-service-companies.html [last accessed: 17/2/2021].

  31. 31.

    See Deloitte report: https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/focus/future-of-mobility/micro-mobility-is-the-future-of-urban-transportation.html [last accessed: 1/5/2021].

  32. 32.

    For example, from https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200608-how-sustainable-are-electric-scooters [last accessed: 1/5/2021], by 2020, there were over 100 cities with e-scooter deployments around the world, with several million e-scooters in use.

  33. 33.

    https://www.li.me/en-us/home [last accessed: 1/5/2021].

  34. 34.

    https://www.voiscooters.com/how-to-voi/ [last accessed: 1/5/2021].

  35. 35.

    https://www.superpedestrian.com/en [last accessed: 1/5/2021].

  36. 36.

    https://www.link.city [last accessed: 1/5/2021].

  37. 37.

    See https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/20/21188119/electric-scooter-coronavirus-bird-lime-spin-suspend-bikes [last accessed: 1/5/2021].

  38. 38.

    For example, see https://ideas.ted.com/zoom-fatigue-is-real-heres-why-video-calls-are-so-draining/ [last accessed: 4/4/2021].

  39. 39.

    https://www.cityoflondon.police.uk/police-forces/city-of-london-police/areas/city-of-london/campaigns/campaigns/2020/secure-city/ [last accessed: 15/5/2021].

  40. 40.

    See the book How People Judge Machines, at https://www.judgingmachines.com/ [last accessed: 5/4/2021].

  41. 41.

    https://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/what-edge-computing-means-for-infrastructure-and-operations-leaders/ and https://www.equinix.com.au/resources/analyst-reports/edge-computing-strategies-gartner-2021/ [last accessed: 7/4/2021].

  42. 42.

    See also https://www.i-scoop.eu/industry-4-0/ [last accessed: 7/4/2021].

  43. 43.

    For example, it was reported that Walmart has plans to utilise its 3500 supercenters (stores) as edge computing hubs—see https://techhq.com/2020/04/why-the-edge-computing-hasnt-taken-off-yet/ and https://techhq.com/2020/01/can-walmarts-supercenter-footprint-fend-off-amazon/, Amazon provides Local Zones to provide cloud computing resources within certain cities—see https://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/global-infrastructure/localzones/, and Microsoft’s Cloud Platform Azure provides Azure Edge Zones—see https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/solutions/low-latency-edge-computing/, and Google provides edge computing solutions, e.g., https://cloud.google.com/solutions/anthos-edge and https://cloud.google.com/edge-tpu [last accessed: 7/4/2021].

  44. 44.

    For examples, see the 2019 Symposium on Blockchain for Robotics and AI Systems at https://www.blockchainrobotics.org, and the European Horizon 2020 project “Blockchain: a new framework for swarm RObotic Systems” at https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/751615 [last accessed: 6/6/2021].

  45. 45.

    See https://store.segway.com/segway-loomo-mini-transporter-robot-sidekick.

  46. 46.

    See https://www.iso.org/standard/80257.html [last accessed: 14/6/2021].

  47. 47.

    See also https://spectrum.ieee.org/cars-that-think/transportation/efficiency/cooperative-route-planning-could-make-driving-slightly-less-terrible-for-everyone [last accessed: 6/4/2021].

  48. 48.

    https://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/artificial-intelligence/intelligent-cars-could-boost-highway-capacity-by-273 [last accessed: 6/4/2021].

  49. 49.

    For an overview in relation to facial recognition, see https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03186-4.

  50. 50.

    See also https://emcrit.org/pulmcrit/racism-oximetry/ [last accessed: 27/5/2021].

  51. 51.

    See the discussion on trust in technology at https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/05/13/1024874/ai-ayanna-howard-trust-robots/ [last accessed: 15/5/2021]. In a study done, people trusted robots to lead them out of an emergency situation rather than use their own judgement of exiting safely where they came in [58].

  52. 52.

    A quick reference is at https://www.dsef.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/EthicalTheories.pdf [last accessed: 15/5/2021].

  53. 53.

    This is also discussed in [41] in connection with the convergence of automation with Internet connected things.

  54. 54.

    https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/1668 [last accessed: 15/5/2021].

  55. 55.

    https://www.iotworldtoday.com/2021/02/02/new-iot-cybersecurity-improvement-act-creating-a-floor-for-iot-security/ [last accessed: 15/5/2021].

  56. 56.

    See The Short Anthropological Guide to the Study of Ethical AI, at https://montrealethics.ai/the-short-anthropological-guide-to-the-study-of-ethical-ai/ [last accessed: 27/5/2021]

  57. 57.

    https://aiethicslab.com/big-picture/ [last accessed: 28/5/2021].

  58. 58.

    The following white paper proposes component reuse for robotics: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251871874_The_Use_of_Reuse_for_Designing_and_Manufacturing_Robots/stats [last accessed: 15/5/2021].

  59. 59.

    See https://theconversation.com/this-is-how-we-create-the-age-friendly-smart-city-152973 and https://ec.europa.eu/eip/ageing/file/2624/download_en%3Ftoken=1Em_qTx7 [last accessed: 13/6/2021].

  60. 60.

    See also https://theconversation.com/ageing-in-neighbourhood-what-seniors-want-instead-of-retirement-villages-and-how-to-achieve-it-138729 for a case in Australia [last accessed: 14/6/2021].

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  1. Centre for Internet of Things Ecosystems Research and Experimentation (CITECORE), School of Information Technology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia

    Seng W. Loke

  2. Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety Queensland (CARRS-Q), Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia

    Andry Rakotonirainy

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Loke, S.W., Rakotonirainy, A. (2021). The Future of the Automated City: Social, Technical and Ethical Perspectives. In: The Automated City. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82318-4_4

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