Neuroinflammatory Biomarkers in Diabetic Encephalopathy: Linking Cholinergic and Cognitive Dysfunction

Olasehinde, Tosin A.; Oyeleye, Sunday I.; Olaniran, Ademola O.; Islam, Md. Shahidul

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-81303-1_66-1

Tosin A. Olasehinde^5,6,
Sunday I. Oyeleye⁷,
Ademola O. Olaniran⁵ &
…
Md. Shahidul Islam⁸

Part of the book series: Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications ((BDMDA))

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1 Citations

Abstract

The progression of diabetes has been linked with disruption of the microvascular system, which may lead to other degenerative conditions, including diabetic nephropathy, cardiomyopathy, and neuropathy. Cognitive dysfunction has been linked with diabetes-induced neurodegeneration. Changes in metabolic processes, including disruption of inflammatory pathways, cholinergic function, purinergic processes, and neurotransmitters triggered by chronic hyperglycemia, may affect brain function. Hence, the need to explore novel biomarkers to identify the risk of neurological deficit and impairment in the central nervous system in diabetic conditions. This chapter thoroughly reviewed the recently published articles on the biochemical mechanisms and biomarkers associated with diabetic encephalopathy and neuroinflammation. The roles of the biomarkers involved in diabetic encephalopathy will provide novel insights on possible therapeutic interventions that can mitigate cognitive problems and neurological dysfunction associated with chronic hyperglycemia as well as diabetes mellitus.

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Abbreviations

AGEs:: Advanced glycation end products
AP-1:: Activator protein-1
APP:: Amyloid precursor protein
ARG1:: Arginase 1
ATP:: Adenosine triphosphate
BBB:: Blood–brain barrier
CD36:: Cluster of differentiation 36
CD74:: Cluster of differentiation 74
CD86:: Cluster of differentiation 86
CNS:: Central Nervous System
COX-2:: Cyclooxygenase 2
DM:: Diabetes Mellitus
GSK-3:: Glucose synthase kinase-3
HO-1:: Heme oxygenase-1
HSP70:: Heat shock protein 70
IDDM:: Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
IGF1:: Insulin-like growth factor 1
IL-17A:: Interleukin 17A
IL-1rn:: Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist
IL-1β:: Interleukin 1β
IL-22:: Interleukin 22
IL-4:: Interleukin 4
IL4-Rα:: Interleukin 4 Receptor alpha
IL-5:: Interleukin 5
IL-6:: Interleukin 6
IL-9:: Interleukin 9
iNOS:: Inducible nitric oxide synthase
JNK:: C-jun N terminal kinase
MAPK:: A mitogen-activated protein kinase
Mrc1:: Mannose Receptor C-Type 1
NADPH:: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NF-kB:: Nuclear Factor kappa B
NIDDM:: Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
NO:: Nitric oxide
PKC:: Protein Kinase C
PS1:: Presenilin 1
ROS:: Reactive oxygen species
STAT pathway:: Signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway
TGFβ:: Transforming growth factor Beta
TNF-α:: Tumor necrosis Factor Alpha
VEGF:: Vascular endothelial growth factor

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Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
Tosin A. Olasehinde & Ademola O. Olaniran
Nutrition and Toxicology Division, Food Technology Department, Federal Institute of Industrial Research, Oshodi, Nigeria
Tosin A. Olasehinde
Department of Biomedical Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
Sunday I. Oyeleye
Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
Md. Shahidul Islam

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Tosin A. Olasehinde
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Sunday I. Oyeleye
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Ademola O. Olaniran
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Md. Shahidul Islam
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Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
Vinood B. Patel
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Victor R. Preedy

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Olasehinde, T.A., Oyeleye, S.I., Olaniran, A.O., Islam, M.S. (2022). Neuroinflammatory Biomarkers in Diabetic Encephalopathy: Linking Cholinergic and Cognitive Dysfunction. In: Patel, V.B., Preedy, V.R. (eds) Biomarkers in Diabetes. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81303-1_66-1

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81303-1_66-1
Received: 12 March 2022
Accepted: 13 March 2022
Published: 28 July 2022
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