Abstract
In Paul McCartney and His Creative Practice: The Beatles and Beyond, we place Paul McCartney’s story and his creativity against a broad cultural domain and social field. We look at the interactions between the domain and field, his long-term musical activity, his songwriting, record production and live performance, against the evidence-based research about creativity. Moving beyond Western and Romantic beliefs of creativity, we draw on rational explanations of creativity to synthesise a sociological approach, combined with a psychological one, to illustrate a system of creativity in action. It is this system that results in a comprehensive account of creative practice. There are a limited set of scholarly works focused on the broader area of creativity and there are even fewer of these accounting for both creativity and The Beatles. Scholarly material on Paul McCartney is decidedly limited too so we draw from a varied range of biographies, magazine interviews, recordings of his work, transcribed sheet music of those songs, as well as film and TV interviews, performances and documentaries that show McCartney at work in the studio, and on tour, to provide the background and point of departure for the following chapters in this book on Paul McCartney and his creative practice.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Alexander, V. (2003). Sociology of the arts: Exploring fine and popular forms. Blackwell.
Amabile, T. (1983). The social psychology of creativity. Springer-Verlag.
Amabile, T. (1996). Creativity in context. Westview Press.
Amabile, T. M., & Tighe, E. (1993). Questions of creativity. In J. Brockman (Ed.), Creativity: The reality club (Vol. 4, pp. 7–27). Touchstone.
Aspinall, N. (1969). The beatles get back. Apple Publishing.
Badman, K. (1999). The Beatles after the break-up 1970–2000: A day-by-day diary. Omnibus Press.
Bailin, S. (1988). Achieving extraordinary ends: An essay on creativity. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Barrow, T., & Bextor, R. (2004). Paul McCartney: Now & Then. Penguin.
Baur, S. A. (2006). You say you want a revolution: The Beatles and Marx. In M. Baur & S. A. Baur (Eds.), The Beatles and philosophy: Nothing you can think that can’t be thunk (pp. 87–105). Open Court.
The Beatles. (1993). The Beatles: Complete scores (Transcribed Score). Hal Leonard Corporation.
Beatles, T. (2000). The Beatles anthology. ChronicleBooks.
The Beatles. (2006). Back at Abbey Road—May 1995. Anthology: Special Features DVD [Exec Prod: Neil Aspinall]. Apple Records.
Becker, H. (1982). Art worlds. University of California Press.
Bekhtereva, N. P., Dan’ko, S. G., Starchenko, M. G., Pakhomov, S. V., & Medvedev, S. V. (2001). Study of the brain organization of creativity: III. Brain activation assessed by the local cerebral blood flow and EEG. Human Physiology, 27(4), 390–397.
Benitez, V. (2010). The words and music of Paul McCartney: The solo years. Praeger.
Bennett, J. (2012a). Constraint, collaboration and creativity in popular songwriting teams. In D. Collins (Ed.), The act of musical composition: Studies in the creative process (pp. 139–169). SEMPRE Studies in the Psychology of Music. Ashgate.
Bennett, J. (2012b). Collaborative Songwriting—The ontology of negotiated creativity in popular music studio practice. Journal of the Art of Record Production (5), 1–18.
Bergquist, C. (2006). A comparative view of creativity theories: Psychoanalytic, behaviouristic and humanistic. Vantage Quest. http://www.vantagequest.org/trees/comparative.htm. Date accessed 19 March 2007.
Bertalanffy, L. (1968). General systems theory: Foundations, development, applications. G. Braziller.
Bertalanffy, L. (1981). A systems view of man. Westview Press.
Blake, M. (2015, May). Songs in the key of Paul. Q Magazine, Issue 346, pp. 36–45.
Boden, M. (2004). The creative mind: Myths and mechanisms (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Bonner, M. (2015, October). Paul McCartney: The story of me and John. Uncut, Issue 221, pp. 36–46.
Bourdieu, P. (1977). Outline of a theory of practice. Cambridge University Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1990). The logic of practice. Polity Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1993). The field of cultural production. Columbia University Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1996). The rules of art: Genesis and structure of the literary field. Polity Press.
Brocken, M. (2016). Other voices: Hidden histories of Liverpool’s popular music scenes, 1930s–1970s. Routledge.
Brown, P. (1983). The love you make: An insider’s story of the Beatles. McGraw-Hill.
Bruford, B. (2018). Uncharted: Creativity and the Expert drummer (Tracking Pop). University of Michigan Press.
Burnard, P. (2012). Musical creativities in practice. Oxford University Press.
Capra, F., & Luisi, P. (2014). The systems view of life: A unifying vision. Cambridge University Press.
Carlin, P. (2009). Paul McCartney: A life. JR Books.
Cavanagh, D. (2007, June). How on earth do you follow the Beatles. Uncut, Issue 121, pp. 46–55.
Clydesdale, G. (2006). Creativity and competition: The Beatles. Creativity Research Journal, 18(2), 129–139.
Coleman, R. (1985). John Lennon. Futura.
Coleman, R. (1995). McCartney: Yesterday and today. Boxtree.
Collins, M. (2014). The Beatles’ politics. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 16(2), 291–309.
Connolly, R. (Ed.). (1983). The Beatles complete: Piano vocal/easy organ. Wise Publications/Music Sales.
Craft, A. (2001). Little ‘c’ creativity. In A. Craft, B. Jeffrey, & M. Leibling (Eds.), Creativity in education (pp. 45–61). Continuum.
Craft, A. (2011). Creativity and education futures: Learning in a digital age. Institute of Education Press.
Criticos, H. (2019, 3–5 July). The Constrabling Nature of Internet Radio. In Making Sense: Data, Publics and Storytelling, The Annual Australian and New Zealand Communication Association Conference, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT.
Cropley, D. (2015). Creativity in engineering: Novel solutions to complex problems. Academic Press.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1988). Society, culture and person: A systems view of creativity. In R. Sternberg (Ed.), The nature of creativity (pp. 325–338). Cambridge University Press.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1997). Creativity: Flow and the psychology of discovery and invention. HarperCollins.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1999). Implications of a systems perspective for the study of creativity. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of creativity (pp. 313–335). Cambridge University Press.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2014). The systems model of creativity: The collected works of Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. Springer.
Davies, H. (1992). The Beatles: The only authorized biography (Rev ed.). Arrow.
Davies, R., & Sigthorsson, G. (2013). Introducing the creative industries from theory to practice. Sage.
DeZutter, S. (2011). Distributed creativity in performing groups: A case study. In C. Lobman & B. E. O’Neill (Eds.), Play and culture Series Volume 11: Play and performance (pp. 237–260). University Press of America.
DeZutter, S. (2016). Distributed creativity and theatre. In P. McIntyre, J. Fulton, & E. Paton (Eds.), The creative system in action: Understanding cultural production and practice (pp. 155–168). Palgrave Macmillan.
Diperna, A. (2019). The Beatles: Music Spotlight Collector’s Edition. Centennial Entertainment.
Doggett, P. (2010). You never give me your money: The battle for the soul of the Beatles. Vintage.
Doyle, T. (2013). Man on the run: Paul McCartney in the 1970s. Polygon.
Du Noyer, P. (2015). Conversations with McCartney. Hodder & Stoughton Ltd.
Eccleston, D. (2017, June). It was a risk and we were aware of that: Paul McCartney Interview. Mojo, Issue 283, pp. 64–81.
Egan, S. (Ed.). (2009). The Mammoth Book of the Beatles. Constable & Robinson Ltd.
Eisenberger, R., & Shanock, L. (2003). Rewards, intrinsic motivation, and creativity: A case study of conceptual and methodological isolation. Creativity Research Journal, 15(2–3), 121–130.
Elliott, A. (1999). The mourning of John Lennon. University of California Press.
Elson, H. (1986). McCartney: Songwriter. W.H.Allen.
Emerick, G. (2006). Here, there and everywhere: My life recoding the music of the Beatles. Gotham Books.
Epstein, B. (1964). A cellarful of noise. Pierian Press.
Everett, W. (1999). The Beatles as musicians: Revolver through the anthology. Oxford University Press.
Everett, W. (2001). The Beatles as musicians: The quarry men through Rubber soul. Oxford University Press.
Freud, S. (1959). The relation of the poet to daydreaming. In Collected Papers, Vol 4. Hogarth.
Frith, S. (1978). The sociology of rock. Constable.
Fulpen, H. (1983). The Beatles: An illustrated diary. Plexus.
Galton, F. (1869/1950). Hereditary Genius: An inquiry into its laws and consequences (2nd ed.). Watts and Co.
Gambaccini, P. (1976). Paul McCartney: In his own words. Omnibus Press.
Garbarini, V. (1988). Paul McCartney: Lifting the Veil on The Beatles. In The best of musician: Beatles rolling stones (pp. 8–15). Billboard Publications.
Giddens, A. (1984). The constitution of society outline of the theory of structuration. University of California Press.
Gilbert, P. (2013, November). Don’t look back in anger. Mojo, Issue 240, pp. 68–79.
Giles, D. (2015). Field migration, cultural mobility and celebrity: The case of Paul McCartney. Celebrity Studies, 6(4), 538–552.
Giuliano, G. (1986). The Beatles: A celebration. Sunburst Books.
Glăveanu, V. (2014). Distributed creativity: Thinking outside the box of the creative individual. Springer.
Gracen, J. (2000). Paul McCartney: I saw him standing there. Billboard Books.
Greenfield, S. (2008, June 25–27). Creating creative brains. In Creating value: Between commerce and commons conference. Centre for Creative Industries and Innovation QUT. http://cultural-science.org/creatingvaluesusan1.html. Date accessed 29 July 2009.
Grimshaw, C. (Ed.). (2004). Paul McCartney: Onstage, off stage, and backstage. Chronicle Books.
Guilford, J. (1950). Creativity. American Psychologist, 5, 444–454.
Guilford, J. (1954). Psychometric methods. McGraw-Hill.
Guilford, J. (1970). Creativity: Retrospect and prospect. The Journal of Creative Behaviour, 4(3), 149–168.
Haefeli, D. (Dir.). (2005). Paul McCartney in red square: A concert film. MPL Communications Ltd.
Hammond, I. (2002). Old sweet songs: In search of the source of ‘I saw her standing there’ and ‘yesterday’. Soundscapes—Journal on Media Culture. http://www.icce.rug.nl/oger-bin/contents/print.cgi. Date accessed 28 April 2005.
Harris, A. (2016). Creativity and education. Palgrave Macmillan.
Harrison, C. (2015). The songwriting Labyrinth: Practical tools to decode the mysterious craft. Rumpelstiltskin Press.
Harrison, C. (2016). A songwriter’s Journey from Little-c to Pro-c creativity: An applied analytical autoethnography (University of Newcastle Research Higher Degree Thesis). https://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:22980?exact=sm_creator%3A%22Harrison%2C+Clive+Maxwell%22. Date accessed 28 May 2018.
Hass, R. W., Weisberg, R. W., & Choi, J. (2010). Quantitative case-studies in musical composition: The development of creativity in popular-songwriting teams. Psychology of Music, 38(4), 463–479.
Heilbronner, O. (2008). The peculiarities of the Beatles: A cultural-historical interpretation. Cultural and Social History, 5(1), 99–115.
Heinonen, Y. (2014). The creative process of the Beatles revisited: A multi-level analysis of the interaction between individual and collaborative creativity. Popular Music History, 9(1), 32–47.
Heinonen, Y., & Eerola, T. (2000, July). Songwriting, recording and style change: Problems in the chronology and periodization of the musical style of the Beatles. Soundscapes—Journal on Media Culture, 3. http://www.icce.rug.nl/~soundscapes/VOLUME03/Songwriting_recording.html. Date accessed 12 April 2005.
Hennessey, B. (2017). Taking a systems view of creativity: On the right path toward understanding. Journal of Creative Behaviour, 51(4), 341–344.
Hennessey, B., & Amabile, T. (2010). Creativity. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 569–598.
Hennion, A. (1990). The production of success: An antimusicology of the pop song. In S. Frith & A. Goodwin (Eds.), On record (pp. 185–206). Pantheon Books.
Hepworth, D. (2018). Nothing is real: The Beatles were underrated and other sweeping statements about pop. Penguin.
Hertsgaard, M. (1995). A day in the life: The music and artistry of the Beatles. Delacorte Press.
Hesmondhalgh, D., & Negus, K. (Eds.). (2002). Popular music studies. Arnold.
Heuger, M. (2005). Beabliography. Soundscapes—Journal on Media Culture. http://www.icce.rug.nl/oger-bin/beab/db.cgi?db=default&uid=&view_records=1&FirstLetter=M&nh=1. Date accessed 12 April 2005.
Homer-Dixon, T. (2006). The upside of down: Catastrophe, creativity, and the renewal of civilization. Text Publishing.
Howe, M. (1999). Genius explained. Cambridge University Press.
Hutcheon, D. (2011, August). You Can’t Do That…. Mojo, Issue 213, pp. 74–87.
Inglis, I. (Ed.). (2000a). The Beatles, popular music and society: A thousand voices. Macmillan Press.
Inglis, I. (2000b). ‘“The Beatles are coming!” Conjecture and conviction in the myth of Kennedy, America, and the Beatles. Popular Music and Society, 24(2), 31–85.
Inglis, I. (2010). “I Read the News Today, Oh Boy”: The British Press and the Beatles. Popular Music and Society, 33(4), 549–562.
Karkhurin, A. V., & Motalleebi, S. N. S. (2008). The impact of culture on the creative potential of American, Russian and Iranian college students. Creativity Research Journal, 20(4), 404–411.
Kaufman, J., & Sternberg, R. J. (2010). The Cambridge handbook of creativity. Cambridge University Press.
Kelso, J., & Engstrom, D. (2008). The complementary nature. MIT Press.
Kerrigan, S. (2013). Accommodating creative documentary practice within a revised systems model of creativity. Journal of Media Practice, 14(2), 111–127.
Kerrigan, S. (2016). Reconceptualizing creative documentary practices. In P. McIntyre, J. Fulton, & E. Paton (Eds.), The creative system in action: Understanding cultural production and practice (pp. 125–138). Palgrave Macmillan.
King, M. (2016). Men, masculinity and the Beatles. Routledge.
Koestler, A. (1975). The ghost in the machine. Pan Books.
Kozbelt, A., Beghetto, R., & Runco, M. (2010). Theories of creativity. In J. Kaufman & R. Sternberg (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of creativity (pp. 20–47). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kruse, R. J. (2004). The Geography of the Beatles: Approaching concepts of human geography. Journal of Geography, 103(1), 2–7.
Laszlo, E. (1972). The systems view of the world: The Natural philosophy of the new developments in the sciences. George Braziller.
Lebuda, I., & Glăveanu, V. (2019). The Palgrave handbook of social creativity research. Palgrave Macmillan.
Lewisohn, M. (1988). The complete Beatles recording sessions: The official story of the Abbey Road years. Hamlyn.
Lewisohn, M. (1993). The complete Beatles chronicle. Pyramid Books.
Lewisohn, M. (Ed.). (2002). Wingspan. Little, Brown Books.
Lewisohn, M. (2013). All these years, Volume 1: Tune In. Little, Brown.
Lubart, T. (2010). Cross cultural perspectives on creativity. In J. Kaufamn & R. Sternberg (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of creativity (pp. 265–227). Cambridge University Press.
Lucas, B. (2001). Creative teaching, teaching creativity and creative learning. In A. Craft, B. Jeffrey, & M. Leibling (Eds.), Creativity in education. Continuum.
Lucas, B., Claxton, G., & Spencer, E. (2013). Expansive education: Teaching learners for the real world. Open University Press.
MacDonald, I. (1994). Revolution in the head: The Beatles’ records and the sixties. Pimlico.
Martin, G. (1979). All you need is ears. St Martin’s Press.
Martin, G. (1994). Summer of love: The making of Sgt Pepper. Macmillan Press.
Marx, K. (1980). Grundisse der kritik der politischen okonomie (2nd ed., D. McLellan, Ed.). Macmillan.
McGee, G. (2003). Band on the run: A history of Paul McCartney and Wings. Taylor Trade Publishing.
McGrath, J. (2003). “Like a second needs an hour”: Time and the work of Paul McCartney. Interdisciplinary Literary Studies, 4(2), 1–20.
McIntyre, P. (2004). Creativity and cultural production: A study of Contemporary Western popular music songwriting (PhD dissertation). MacquarieUniversity, Sydney (Unpublished).
McIntyre, P. (2006). Paul McCartney and the creation of ‘yesterday’: The systems model in operation. I, 25(2), 201–219.
McIntyre, P. (2008, November). The systems model of creativity: Analyzing the distribution of power in the studio. 4th Art of Record Production International Conference, University of Massachusetts, Lowell: published in Journal of the Art of Record Production, Issue 4: Supplement to ARP08, The Peer—Reviewed Proceedings of the 2008 Art of Record Production Conference. http://www.artofrecordproduction.com/content/view/214/126/
McIntyre, P. (2009, July 8–10). Rethinking communication, creativity and cultural production: Outlining issues for media practice. In T. Flew (Ed.), Communication, Creativity and Global Citizenship: Refereed Proceedings of the Australian and New Zealand Communications Association Annual Conference. Brisbane. www.proceedings.anzca09.org. Date accessed February 2021.
McIntyre, P. (2011, December). Systemic creativity: The partnership of John Lennon and Paul McCartney. Musicology Australia, 33(2), 241–254.
McIntyre, P. (2012). Creativity and cultural production: Issues for media practice. Palgrave Macmillan.
McIntyre, P. (2013). Creativity and creative industries: From romanticism to idiosyncratic agency, social networks and knowledge systems. In T. Lee, K. Trees, & R. Desai (Eds.), Refereed Proceedings of the Australian and New Zealand Communication Association conference: Global Networks-Global Divides: Bridging New and Traditional Communication Challenges. ISSN 1448–4331. Available at: http://www.anzca.net/conferences/past-conferences/159.html.
McIntyre, P. (2021). Songwriting practice and production: The past, present and future. The Songwriting Studies Journal (reviewed, accepted—forthcoming), 5–26.
McIntyre, P., Fulton, J., & Paton, E. (Eds.). (2016). The creative system in action: Understanding cultural production and practice. Palgrave Macmillan.
McIntyre, P., Fulton, J., Paton, E., Kerrigan, S., & Meany, M. (2018). Educating for creativity within higher education integration of research into media practice. Palgrave Macmillan.
McRobbie, A. (2016). Be creative: Making a living in the new culture industries. Polity.
Meany, M. (2016). Comedy, creativity, agency: The hybrid individual. In P. McIntyre, J. Fulton, & E. Paton (Eds.), The creative system in action: Understanding cultural production and practice (pp. 169–184). Palgrave Macmillan.
Mellers, W. (1973). Twilight of the Gods: The Beatles in retrospect. Faber & Faber.
Miles, B. (1997). Paul McCartney: Many years from now. Secker & Warburg.
Mitchell, P. (2019). The Beatles Vol 1: Evolution (1940–1964). Diamond Publishing.
Misra, G., Srivastava, A. K., & Misra, I. (2006). Culture and facets of creativity: The Indian experience. In J. C. Kaufman & R. J. Sternberg (Eds.), The international handbook of creativity (p. 421–455). Cambridge University Press.
Montuori, A. (2011). Systems approach. In M. Runco & S. Pritzker (Eds.), Encyclopedia of creativity (2nd ed., Vol. 2, pp. 414–421). Academic Press.
Montuori, A., & Purser, R. (1996). Context and creativity beyond social determinism and the isolated genius: A rejoinder to Hale. Journal of Humanistic Pscyhology, 36(2), 34–43.
Montuori, A., & Purser, R. (1999). Social creativity (Vol. 1). Hampton Press.
Moore, A. (1997). The Beatles: Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band. Cambridge University Press.
Morey, J. (2016). The Creative development of sampling composers. In P. McIntyre, J. Fulton, & E. Paton (Eds.) The creative system in action: Understanding cultural production and practice (pp. 60–73). Palgrave Macmillan.
Mpofu, E., Myambo, K., & Mashego, T. (2004, August 8–13). Creativity in African settings. Twenty-Eighth International Congress of Psychology.
Negus, K. (1996). Popular music in theory: An introduction. Polity Press.
Negus, K., & Pickering, M. (2002). Creativity, communication and musical experience. In K. Negus & D. Hesmondhalgh (Eds.), Popular music studies (pp. 178–190). Arnold.
Negus, K., & Pickering, M. (2004). Creativity, communication and cultural value. Sage.
Niu, W., & Sternberg, R. (2006). The philosophical roots of Western and Eastern conceptions of creativity. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 26, 18–38.
Nobile, D. (2011). Form and voice leading in early Beatles songs. Music Theory Online, 17(3), 1–11.
Norman, P. (2016). Paul McCartney: The biography. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
Paul, E., & Kaufman, S. (2014). The philosophy of creativity: New essays. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Pascall, J. (1974). The Beatles story. Phoebus Publishing.
Pascall, J. (1977). Paul McCartney and wings. Phoebus Publishing.
Paton, E. (2008, November). Creativity and the dynamic system of Australian fiction writing (Unpublished PhD thesis). University of Canberra.
Pedler, D. (2001, November). The songwriting roots of the Beatles. In S. Rowley (Ed.), Total Guitar. Future Publishing.
Pedler, D. (2003). The songwriting secrets of the Beatles. Omnibus Press.
Peel, I. (2002). The unknown Paul McCartney: McCartney and the Avante-garde. Reynolds & Hearn Ltd.
Perasi, L. (2014). Paul McCartney: Recording sessions (1969–2013)—A journey through Paul McCartney’s songs after the Beatles. L.I.L.Y. Publishing.
Peterson, R. (1976). The production of culture. Sage.
Peterson, R. (1982). Five constraints on the production of culture: Law, technology, market, organizational structure and occupational careers. Journal of Popular Culture, 17, 143–153.
Peterson, R. (1985). Six constraints on the production of literary works. Poetics, 14, 45–67.
Peterson, R. (1997). Creating country music fabricating authenticity. University of Chicago Press.
Petrie, D. (1991). Creativity and constraint in the British film industry. Macmillan.
Petrie, K., & Pennebaker, J. (2008). Things we said today: A linguistic analysis of the Beatles. Psychology of Aesthetics, 1(4), 197–202.
Pieper, J. (1993). The Solo Beatles Film and TV Chronicle 1971–1980 (Google Books). https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/The_Solo_Beatles_Film_TV_Chronicle_1971/neDkDQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=The+Solo+Beatles+Film+and+TV+Chronicle+1971-1980&printsec=frontcover. Date accessed 12 September 2020.
Plato. (1971). The collected dialogues of Plato, including the letters. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Pope, R. (2005). Creativity: Theory, history, practice. Routledge.
Powell, A. (Dir.). (1993). Paul is live in concert on the new world tour. MPL Communications Ltd.
Reck, D. (1985). Beatles orientalis: Influences from Asia in a popular song tradition. Asian Music, 16(1), 83–149.
Reising, R. (2017). ‘Every sound there is’: The Beatles’ revolver and the transformation of rock and roll. Ashgate.
Robbins, J. (2007). Continuity thinking and the problem of Christian culture: Belief, time, and the anthropology of Christianity. Current Anthropology, 48(1), 5–38.
Rothenberg, A., & Hausman, C. (Eds.). (1976). The creativity question. Duke University Press.
Ryan, K., & Kehew, B. (2006). Recording the Beatles: The studio equipment and techniques used to create their classic albums. Curvebender Publishing.
Runco, M. A., & Pritzker, S. (1999). Encyclopedia of creativity. Academic Press.
Salewicz, C. (1986). McCartney: The biography. Futura.
Sandford, C. (2005). McCartney. Arrow Books.
Sawyer, K. (2006). Explaining creativity: The science of human innovation. Oxford University Press.
Sawyer, K. (2010). Individual and group creativity. In J. Kaufman & R. Sternberg (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of creativity (pp. 366–380). Cambridge University Press.
Sawyer, K. (2012). Explaining creativity: The science of human innovation (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
Sawyer, R. K., & DeZutter, S. (2009). Distributed creativity: How Collective Creations Emerge From Collaboration. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 3(2), 81.
Schaffner, N. (1978). The Beatles forever. McGraw Hill.
Schultheiss, T. (1980). The Beatles: A day in the life—The day by day diary 1969–1970. Omnibus Press.
Shuker, R. (1994). Understanding popular music. Routledge.
Simonton, D. (2003). Creative cultures, nations and civilisations: Strategies and results. In P. Paulus & B. Nijstad (Eds.), Group creativity: Innovation through collaboration (pp. 304–325). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Skyttner, L. (2006). General systems theory: Problems, perspectives, practice (2nd ed.). World Scientific.
Southall, B., Vince, P., & Rouse, A. (1997). Abbey Road: The story of the world’s most famous recording studio. Omnibus Press.
Spence, H. (1981). The Beatles forever. Crescent Books.
Stein, M. (1953). Creativity and culture. The Journal of Psychology, 36, 311–322.
Stein, M. (1974). Stimulating creativity: Volume One, individual procedures. Academic Press.
Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.). (1988). The nature of creativity: Contemporary psychological perspectives. Cambridge University Press.
Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.). (1999). Handbook of creativity. Cambridge University Press.
Stokes, G. (1980). The Beatles. Rolling Stone Press.
Stratton, J. (2014). “Ob-La-Di Ob-La-Da”: Paul McCartney, diaspora and the politics of identity. Journal for Cultural Research, 18, 1–24.
Suczek, B. (1972). The curious case of the “death” of Paul McCartney. Urban Life and Culture, 1(1), 61–76.
Thompson, P. (2019). Creativity in the recording studio. Palgrave Macmillan.
Toynbee, J. (2000). Making popular music: Musicians, creativity and institutions. Arnold.
Tschmuck, P. (2006). Creativity and innovation in the music industry. Springer.
Tschmuck, P. (2012). Creativity and innovation in the music industry. Springer.
Turner, S. (2016). Beatles ’66: The revolutionary years. HarperCollins.
Velikovsky, J. (2016). Communication, creativity and consilience in cinema: A comparative study of the top 20 Return-on-Investment (RoI) movies and the Doxa of screenwriting (Unpublished PhD thesis). University of Newcastle.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1962). Thought and language. MIT Press.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1967). Imagination and creativity in childhood. Journal of Russian and EastEuropean Psychology, 42, 7–97.
Wagner, N. (2003). “Domestication” of Blue Notes in the Beatles’ Songs. Music Theory Spectrum, 25(2), 353–365.
Waldrop, M. (1992). Complexity: The emerging science at the edge of order and chaos. Simon & Schuster.
Watson, P. (2005). Ideas: A history from fire to Freud. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
Weber, E. (2016). The Beatles and the historians: An analysis of writings about the Fab Four. McFarland & Company Inc.
Weisberg, R. (1993). Creativity: Beyond the myth of genius. W.H. Freeman and Co.
West, A., & Martindale, C. (1996). Creative trends in the content of Beatles lyrics. Popular Music and Society, 20(4), 103–125.
Whissell, C. (1996). Traditional and emotional stylometric analysis of the songs of Beatles Paul McCartney and John Lennon. Computers and the Humanities, 30, 257–265.
Wicke, P. (1990). Rock music: Culture, aesthetics and sociology. Cambridge University Press.
Williams, A. (1975). The man who gave the Beatles away. Macmillan.
Williams, A., Ostwald, M., & Askland, H. (2010). Creativity, design and education: Theories, positions and challenges. ALTC Press.
Wings. (1979). Wings over the world 1976: TV Special (MPL) [Broadcast CBS TV 16 March 1979].
Woffinden, B. (1981). The Beatles apart. Proteus Books.
Wolff, J. (1981). The social production of art. Macmillan.
Wolff, J. (1993). The social production of art (2nd ed.). New York University Press.
Womack, K. (1998). Editing the beatles: Addressing the roles of authority and editorial theory in the creation of popular music’s most valuable canon. Text, 11, 189–205.
Womack, K. (2019). Solid State: The story of “Abbey Road” and the end of the beatles. Cornell University Press.
Womack, K., & Davis, T. (2012). Reading the beatles: Cultural studies, literary criticism, and the fab four. State University of New York Press.
Zolberg, V. (1990). Constructing a sociology of the arts. Cambridge University Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
McIntyre, P., Thompson, P. (2021). Background to the Study: The Systems Approach to Creativity. In: Paul McCartney and His Creative Practice. Palgrave Studies in Creativity and Culture. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79100-1_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79100-1_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-79099-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-79100-1
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)