Abstract
Understanding normal anatomy of the mitral valve (MV) is of paramount importance for a correct interpretation of the wide spectrum of MV diseases and for safe and effective surgical and percutaneous transcatheter procedures targeting the mitral annulus and leaflets. In the past two decades, technological advances in non-invasive imaging techniques have allowed acquisition of exquisite anatomical details of the heart in both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) format. This chapter will focus on the normal gross anatomy of the MV as provided by three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (3D TEE). However, other non-invasive imaging techniques, in particular computed tomography (CT) and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), may visualize specific components of the mitral valve apparatus and surrounding structures with more details than 3D TEE, and these techniques are nowadays indispensable companions of 3D TEE for an accurate and complete description of the MV apparatus.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Perloff JK, Roberts WC. The mitral valve apparatus: functional anatomy of mitral regurgitation. Circulation. 1972;46:227–39.
Angelini A, Ho SY, Anderson RH, et al. A histological study of atrio-ventricular junction in heart with normal and prolapsed leaflets of the mitral valve. Br Heart J. 1988;59:712–6.
Levine RA, Handschumacher MD, Sanfilippo AJ, et al. Three-dimensional echocardiographic reconstruction of the mitral valve, with implications for the diagnosis of mitral valve prolapse. Circulation. 1989;80:589–98.
Salgo IS, Gorman JH, German RC, et al. Effect of annular shape on leaflet curvature in reducing mitral leaflet stress. Circulation. 2002;106:711–7.
Biaggi P, Gruner C, Jedrzkiewicz S, Karski J, Meineri M, Vegas A, David TE, Woo A, Rakowski H. Assessment of mitral valve prolapse by 3D TEE: angled views are key. J Am Coll Cardiol Imaging. 2011;4:94–7.
Obase K, Jeevnandam V, Saito K, et al. Visualization and measurement of mitral valve chordae tendineae using three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography from the transgastric approach. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2015;28:449–54.
Axel L. Papillary muscles do not attach directly to the solid heart wall. Circulation. 2004;109:3145–8.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Faletra, F.F., Leo, L.A., Maalouf, J.F., Maleszewski, J.J. (2022). 3DE of Normal Mitral Valve: Image Display and Anatomic Correlations. In: Maalouf, J.F., Faletra, F.F., Asirvatham, S.J., Chandrasekaran, K. (eds) Practical 3D Echocardiography. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72941-7_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72941-7_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-72940-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-72941-7
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)