Evolving Role of 3D Printing in Guiding Interventional Procedures

Abstract

Three-dimential (3D) printing is the process of creating a physical 3D model from volumetric tomographic images. Physical 3D printed models can provide an accurate, life-size 3D representation of cardiac anatomy allowing for more intuitive and quicker understanding of complex spatial relationships. These models can improve procedural planning and education of patients and trainees. Potential uses for the models include pre-procedure anatomic visualization, device sizing, and procedural simulation/rehearsal.

The process to create a model requires four basic steps – image acquisition, segmentation of anatomy, preparation of segmented anatomy for printing, and printing of the physical model. Volumetric imaging datasets from 3D echocardiography, CT or MRI can be used to create models. The segmentation and processing of the virtual model requires specialized software and knowledge of cardiac anatomy/pathology, and imaging limitation in addition to knowledge on how to use the software. There are multiple types of 3D printers that can be used for printing the models. The printers vary by cost, quality, size, and physical properties of the material that can be printed.