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Thallium Neurotoxicity

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Handbook of Neurotoxicity

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Abstract

In order to understand the broad spectrum of thallium (Tl+) toxicity and its most prominent neurotoxic effects, it is first necessary to explore and describe the mechanisms by which this heavy metal exerts its actions. In this updated chapter we visit all general aspects of Tl+ toxicity, including its role as an environmental contaminant, some remediation techniques to clean up soil contamination, its human health effects and clinical symptoms, descriptions of selected case reports, and finally some findings at the experimental level in different animal models, addressing biochemical and molecular perspectives. In revising these topics, we wish to provide the reader with an integrative overview of the many aspects through which this toxic metal should be considered as a major risk for human health.

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Abbreviations

ADHD:

Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder

CB1:

Cannabinoid receptor 1

CMAP:

Compound muscle action potential

Cu,Zn-SOD:

Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase

DTPA:

Diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid

GBS:

Guillain-Barré syndrome

GHS:

Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals

GPx:

Glutathione peroxidase

GR:

Glutathione reductase

GSH:

Glutathione

GST:

Glutathione S-transferase (GST)

HD:

Hemodialysis

HP:

Hemoperfusion

HWI:

Hazardous Waste Incinerator

iNOS:

Inducible nitric oxide synthase

KYNA:

Kynurenic acid

LDH:

Lactate dehydrogenase

MFBC:

MnFe2O4-biochar composite

Mn-SOD:

Mn-superoxide dismutase

mtDNAcn:

Number of copies of mitochondrial DNA

MTP:

Mitochondrial transmembrane potential

NMDAr:

N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor

NOX:

NADPH oxidase

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SAC:

S-allylcysteine

SCA:

Structural chromosomal aberrations

SCE:

Sister chromatide exchange

SWAN:

Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation

TrxR1:

Cytosolic thioredoxin reductase

TrxR2:

Mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase

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Acknowledgments

Michael Aschner received financial support from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (Grant R01S07331).

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  1. Martha Azucena Morales-Zarco and Laura Osorio-Rico contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico

    Martha Azucena Morales-Zarco & Abel Santamaría

  2. Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico

    Martha Azucena Morales-Zarco, Laura Osorio-Rico & Sonia Galván-Arzate

  3. Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA

    Michael Aschner

Authors
  1. Martha Azucena Morales-Zarco
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  2. Laura Osorio-Rico
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  3. Michael Aschner
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  4. Sonia Galván-Arzate
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  5. Abel Santamaría
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  1. Department of Biomedical Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA

    Richard M. Kostrzewa

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Morales-Zarco, M.A., Osorio-Rico, L., Aschner, M., Galván-Arzate, S., Santamaría, A. (2021). Thallium Neurotoxicity. In: Kostrzewa, R.M. (eds) Handbook of Neurotoxicity. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71519-9_232-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71519-9_232-1

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  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-71519-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-71519-9

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