Abstract
Emerging contaminants are a diverse group of predominantly anthropogenic pollutants which are present in the environment in the concentrations that can cause known or suspected adverse environmental and health effects. The common denominator of these diverse groups of contaminants is the fact that there is a lack of legislative regulation, as well as lack of monitoring programs or risk assessment studies. For these reasons, their removal from the sources of pollution and from the environment is of key importance. Among possible approaches for the remediation of wastewater as the main source of pollution, electrochemical treatments have recently gained increasing attention as promising, feasible, and environmentally friendly removal techniques.
In this chapter, we have reviewed and critically presented the applications of electrochemical treatments for the removal of selected groups of emerging contaminants from wastewater and similar samples. These contaminants are: bisphenol A, phthalic acid esters, and benzotriazoles, chosen because they are linked to intensive production of plastics, as well as on the basis of a relative lack of review papers. First, we present and compare various available electrochemical treatment approaches, their combinations, and the most frequently applied electrodes. In the main part, the available studies for the chosen contaminants from the last 5 years are reviewed with the emphasis on the effectiveness of the treatment; identification of the transformation products; and elucidation of the degradation mechanisms. We identify the main problems of the reviewed electrochemical treatments: the lack of identification of the transformation products, as well as the general lack of toxicity assessment of the treated samples. Although electrochemical treatments are viable and effective processes for the removal of selected emerging contaminants from wastewater as shown by the high degree of mineralization in several reviewed papers, further studies need to be done with the emphasis on the identified shortcomings.
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Abbreviations
- AOP:
-
advanced oxidation process
- AOPs:
-
advanced oxidation processes
- BDD:
-
boron-doped diamond electrode
- BOD:
-
biological oxygen demand
- COD:
-
chemical oxygen demand
- GC-MS:
-
gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry
- HPLC-UV:
-
high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection
- LC-MS/MS:
-
liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry
- SHE:
-
standard hydrogen electrode
- TOC:
-
total organic carbon
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The authors wish to acknowledge the funding by research grants P1-0153 and P2-0191 (Slovenian Research Agency, Slovenia), as well as by project grants 19.032/961-49/19 and 19/6-020/964-14-2/18 (Ministry of Scientific and Technological Development, Higher Education and Information Society Government of Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina). Photos provided by Matej Čehovin are gratefully acknowledged.
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Malinović, B.N., Markelj, J., Prosen, H., Žgajnar Gotvajn, A., Kralj Cigić, I. (2021). Electrochemical Treatments for the Removal of Emerging Contaminants. In: Morin-Crini, N., Lichtfouse, E., Crini, G. (eds) Emerging Contaminants Vol. 2. Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World, vol 66. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69090-8_2
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