Skip to main content

Potential Side Effects and Pregnancy

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Monoclonal Antibodies in Headache

Part of the book series: Headache ((HEAD))

  • 471 Accesses

Abstract

The role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in migraine pathophysiology has led to the development of antibodies against this peptide or its receptor. However, CGRP is an ubiquitous peptide, involved in several physiological processes, as well as in the homeostatic response during ischemic events. Furthermore, CGRP seems to play a greater role in female physiology, as CGRP levels have been shown to be higher in women and are modified during different life milestones, which could be translated to differences in response, efficacy, and side effects. In this chapter, the risks of long-term blockade of the CGRP pathway will be discussed. Moreover, considering the greater role of CGRP in female physiology and the high prevalence of female migraine patients, the possible concerns regarding patients in child-bearing age will be discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Stovner LJ, Nichols E, Steiner TJ, Abd-Allah F, Abdelalim A, Al-Raddadi RM, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of migraine and tension-type headache, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol. 2018;17(11):954–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Buse DC, Loder EW, Gorman JA, Stewart WF, Reed ML, Fanning KM, et al. Sex differences in the prevalence, symptoms, and associated features of migraine, probable migraine and other severe headache: results of the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention (AMPP) Study. Headache. 2013;53(8):1278–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Labastida-Ramirez A, Rubio-Beltran E, Villalon CM, MaassenVanDenBrink A. Gender aspects of CGRP in migraine. Cephalalgia. 2019;39:435–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Edvinsson L. The Trigeminovascular pathway: role of CGRP and CGRP receptors in migraine. Headache. 2017;57(Suppl 2):47–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Goadsby PJ, Lipton RB, Ferrari MD. Migraine—current understanding and treatment. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(4):257–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Doods H, Hallermayer G, Wu D, Entzeroth M, Rudolf K, Engel W, et al. Pharmacological profile of BIBN4096BS, the first selective small molecule CGRP antagonist. Br J Pharmacol. 2000;129(3):420–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Edvinsson L, Linde M. New drugs in migraine treatment and prophylaxis: telcagepant and topiramate. Lancet. 2010;376(9741):645–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Negro A, Lionetto L, Simmaco M, Martelletti P. CGRP receptor antagonists: an expanding drug class for acute migraine? Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2012;21(6):807–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Tepper SJ. History and review of anti-calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) therapies: from translational research to treatment. Headache. 2018;58:238–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Holland PR, Goadsby PJ. Targeted CGRP small molecule antagonists for acute migraine therapy. Neurotherapeutics. 2018;15(2):304–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Hong P, Tan T, Liu Y, Xiao J. Gepants for abortive treatment of migraine: a network meta-analysis. Brain Behav. 2020;10(8):e01701.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Deen M, Correnti E, Kamm K, Kelderman T, Papetti L, Rubio-Beltran E, et al. Blocking CGRP in migraine patients—a review of pros and cons. J Headache Pain. 2017;18(1):96.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Wrobel Goldberg S, Silberstein SD. Targeting CGRP: a new era for migraine treatment. CNS Drugs. 2015;29(6):443–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Schuster NM, Vollbracht S, Rapoport AM. Emerging treatments for the primary headache disorders. Neurol Sci. 2015;36(Suppl 1):109–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Mitsikostas DD, Reuter U. Calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibodies for migraine prevention: comparisons across randomized controlled studies. Curr Opin Neurol. 2017;30(3):272–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Russell FA, King R, Smillie SJ, Kodji X, Brain SD. Calcitonin gene-related peptide: physiology and pathophysiology. Physiol Rev. 2014;94(4):1099.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. MaassenVanDenBrink A, Meijer J, Villalón CM, Ferrari MD. Wiping out CGRP: potential cardiovascular risks. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2016;37(9):779–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Vanmolkot FH, Van Bortel LM, de Hoon JN. Altered arterial function in migraine of recent onset. Neurology. 2007;68(19):1563–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Scher AI, Terwindt GM, Picavet HSJ, Verschuren WMM, Ferrari MD, Launer LJ. Cardiovascular risk factors and migraine: the GEM population-based study. Neurology. 2005;64(4):614–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Sacco S, Ornello R, Ripa P, Pistoia F, Carolei A. Migraine and hemorrhagic stroke: a meta-analysis. Stroke. 2013;44(11):3032–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Kurth T, Schürks M, Logroscino G, Buring JE. Migraine frequency and risk of cardiovascular disease in women. Neurology. 2009;73(8):581–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Etminan M, Takkouche B, Isorna FC, Samii A. Risk of ischaemic stroke in people with migraine: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ. 2005;330(7482):63.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Chang CL, Donaghy M, Poulter N. Migraine and stroke in young women: case-control study. BMJ. 1999;318(7175):13–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Schurks M, Rist PM, Bigal ME, Buring JE, Lipton RB, Kurth T. Migraine and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2009;339:b3914.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Spector JT, Kahn SR, Jones MR, Jayakumar M, Dalal D, Nazarian S. Migraine headache and ischemic stroke risk: an updated meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2010;123(7):612–24.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Tzourio C, Tehindrazanarivelo A, Iglesias S, Alperovitch A, Chedru F, d’Anglejan-Chatillon J, et al. Case-control study of migraine and risk of ischaemic stroke in young women. BMJ. 1995;310(6983):830–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Uddman R, Edvinsson L, Ekblad E, Håkanson R, Sundler F. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP): perivascular distribution and vasodilatory effects. Regul Pept. 1986;15(1):1–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Wimalawansa SJ, MacIntyre I. Calcitonin gene-related peptide and its specific binding sites in the cardiovascular system of rat. Int J Cardiol. 1988;20(1):29–37.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Opgaard OS, Gulbenkian S, Bergdahl A, Barroso CP, Andrade NC, Polak JM, et al. Innervation of human epicardial coronary veins: immunohistochemistry and vasomotility. Cardiovasc Res. 1995;29(4):463–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Smillie S-J, Brain SD. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and its role in hypertension. Neuropeptides. 2011;45(2):93–104.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Smillie S-J, King R, Kodji X, Outzen E, Pozsgai G, Fernandes E, et al. An ongoing role of α-calcitonin gene–related peptide as part of a protective network against hypertension, vascular hypertrophy, and oxidative stress. Hypertension. 2014;63(5):1056–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Gennari C, Fischer JA. Cardiovascular action of calcitonin gene-related peptide in humans. Calcif Tissue Int. 1985;37(6):581–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Jianping L, Kevin AC, Donald JD, Scott CS. Renal protective effects of α-calcitonin gene-related peptide in deoxycorticosterone-salt hypertension. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2013;304(7):F1000–F8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Mai TH, Wu J, Diedrich A, Garland EM, Robertson D. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in autonomic cardiovascular regulation and vascular structure. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2014;8(5):286–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Avilés-Rosas VH, Rivera-Mancilla E, Marichal-Cancino BA, Manrique-Maldonado G, Altamirano-Espinoza AH, Maassen Van Den Brink A, et al. Olcegepant blocks neurogenic and non-neurogenic CGRPergic vasodepressor responses and facilitates noradrenergic vasopressor responses in pithed rats. Br J Pharmacol. 2017;174(13):2001–14.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Wang Z, Martorell BC, Wälchli T, Vogel O, Fischer J, Born W, et al. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptors are important to maintain cerebrovascular reactivity in chronic hypertension. PLoS One. 2015;10(4):e0123697.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2020/761077s007lbl.pdf. Accessed 27 Nov 2020.

  38. Evans RW. Raynaud’s phenomenon associated with calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibody antagonists. Headache. 2019;59(8):1360–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Bunker CB, Terenghi G, Springall DR, Polak JM, Dowd PM. Deficiency of calcitonin gene-related peptide in Raynaud’s phenomenon. Lancet. 1990;336(8730):1530–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Chai W, Mehrotra S, Jan Danser AH, Schoemaker RG. The role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in ischemic preconditioning in isolated rat hearts. Eur J Pharmacol. 2006;531(1):246–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Homma S, Kimura T, Sakai S, Yanagi K-I, Miyauchi Y, Aonuma K, et al. Calcitonin gene-related peptide protects the myocardium from ischemia induced by endothelin-1: intravital microscopic observation and 31P-MR spectroscopic studies. Life Sci. 2014;118(2):248–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Gao Y, Song J, Chen H, Cao C, Lee C. TRPV1 activation is involved in the cardioprotection of remote limb ischemic postconditioning in ischemia-reperfusion injury rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2015;463(4):1034–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Lei J, Zhu F, Zhang Y, Duan L, Lei H, Huang W. Transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 inhibits inflammation and apoptosis via the release of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the heart after myocardial infarction. Cardiology. 2016;134(4):436–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Sakas DE, Moskowitz MA, Wei EP, Kontos HA, Kano M, Ogilvy CS. Trigeminovascular fibers increase blood flow in cortical gray matter by axon reflex-like mechanisms during acute severe hypertension or seizures. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1989;86(4):1401–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Moskowitz MA, Sakas DE, Wei EP, Kano M, Buzzi MG, Ogilvy C, et al. Postocclusive cerebral hyperemia is markedly attenuated by chronic trigeminal ganglionectomy. Am J Phys Heart Circ Phys. 1989;257(5):H1736–H9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. J-y Z, G-t Y, Liao J, Deng Z-h, Xue H, Wang L-h, et al. Leptin attenuates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury partially by CGRP expression. Eur J Pharmacol. 2011;671(1):61–9.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Gennari C, Nami R, Agnusdei D, Fischer JA. Improved cardiac performance with human calcitonin gene related peptide in patients with congestive heart failure. Cardiovasc Res. 1990;24(3):239–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Wang LH, Zhou SX, Li RC, Zheng LR, Zhu JH, Hu SJ, et al. Serum levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P are decreased in patients with diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease. J Int Med Res. 2012;40(1):134–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Liu Z, Liu Q, Cai H, Xu C, Liu G, Li Z. Calcitonin gene-related peptide prevents blood–brain barrier injury and brain edema induced by focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion. Regul Pept. 2011;171(1):19–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Edvinsson L, Delgado-Zygmunt T, Ekman R, Jansen I, Svendgaard NA, Uddman R. Involvement of perivascular sensory fibers in the pathophysiology of cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1990;10(5):602–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Juul R, Edvinsson L, Gisvold SE, Ekman R, Brubakk AO, Fredriksen TA. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-LI in subarachnoid haemorrhage in man. Signs of activation of the trigemino-cerebrovascular system? Br J Neurosurg. 1990;4(3):171–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Schebesch K-M, Herbst A, Bele S, Schödel P, Brawanski A, Stoerr E-M, et al. Calcitonin-gene related peptide and cerebral vasospasm. J Clin Neurosci. 2013;20(4):584–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Juul R, Aakhus S, Björnstad K, Gisvold SE, Brubakk AO, Edvinsson L. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (human α-CGRP) counteracts vasoconstriction in human subarachnoid haemorrhage. Neurosci Lett. 1994;170(1):67–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Mulder IA, Li M, de Vries T, Qin T, Yanagisawa T, Sugimoto K, et al. Anti-migraine calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonists worsen cerebral ischemic outcome in mice. Ann Neurol. 2020;88(4):771–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Rubio-Beltrán E, van den Brink AM. Understanding CGRP and cardiovascular risk. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2019;255:131–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Valdemarsson S, Edvinsson L, Hedner P, Ekman R. Hormonal influence on calcitonin gene-related peptide in man: effects of sex difference and contraceptive pills. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1990;50(4):385–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Gangula PRR, Wimalawansa SJ, Yallampalli C. Sex steroid hormones enhance hypotensive effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide in aged female Rats1. Biol Reprod. 2002;67(6):1881–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Al-Rubaiee M, Gangula PR, Millis RM, Walker RK, Umoh NA, Cousins VM, et al. Inotropic and lusitropic effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the heart. Am J Phys Heart Circ Phys. 2013;304(11):H1525–H37.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Bushnell C, McCullough LD, Awad IA, Chireau MV, Fedder WN, Furie KL, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in women. Stroke. 2014;45(5):1545–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Mieres JH, Gulati M, Merz NB, Berman DS, Gerber TC, Hayes SN, et al. Role of noninvasive testing in the clinical evaluation of women with suspected ischemic heart disease. Circulation. 2014;130(4):350–79.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Gupta P, Harte A, Sturdee DW, Sharma A, Barnett AH, Kumar S, et al. Effects of menopausal status on circulating calcitonin gene-related peptide and adipokines: implications for insulin resistance and cardiovascular risks. Climacteric. 2008;11(5):364–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Gupta P, Harte AL, da Silva NF, Khan H, Barnett AH, Kumar S, et al. Expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide, adrenomedullin, and receptor modifying proteins in human adipose tissue and alteration in their expression with menopause status. Menopause (New York, NY). 2007;14(6):1031–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Humphries KH, Pu A, Gao M, Carere RG, Pilote L. Angina with “normal” coronary arteries: sex differences in outcomes. Am Heart J. 2008;155(2):375–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Kaski JC, Collins P, Nihoyannopoulos P, Maseri A, Poole-Wilson PA, Rosano GMC. Cardiac syndrome X: clinical characteristics and left ventricular function: long-term follow-up study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25(4):807–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Chan KY, Edvinsson L, Eftekhari S, Kimblad PO, Kane SA, Lynch J, et al. Characterization of the calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist telcagepant (MK-0974) in human isolated coronary arteries. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2010;334(3):746–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Gulbenkian S, Opgaard OS, Ekman R, Andrade NC, Wharton J, Polak JM, et al. Peptidergic innervation of human epicardial coronary arteries. Circ Res. 1993;73(3):579–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Rubio-Beltrán E, Labastida-Ramírez A, Haanes KA, van den Bogaerdt A, Bogers AJ, Dirven C, et al. Characterisation of vasodilatory responses in the presence of the CGRP receptor antibody erenumab in human isolated arteries. Cephalalgia. 2019;39(14):1735–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Depre C, Antalik L, Starling A, Koren M, Eisele O, Lenz RA, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effect of erenumab on exercise time during a treadmill test in patients with stable angina. Headache. 2018;58(5):715–23.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Maassen van den Brink A, Rubio-Beltrán E, Duncker D, Villalón CM. Is CGRP receptor blockade cardiovascularly safe? Appropriate studies are needed. Headache. 2018;58(8):1257–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Aradi S, Kaiser E, Cucchiara B. Ischemic stroke associated with calcitonin gene-related peptide inhibitor therapy for migraine: a case report. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2019;28(10):104286.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Salmon A-M, Damaj MI, Marubio LM, Epping-Jordan MP, Merlo-Pich E, Changeux J-P. Altered neuroadaptation in opiate dependence and neurogenic inflammatory nociception in αCGRP-deficient mice. Nat Neurosci. 2001;4:357.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Zhang L, Hoff AO, Wimalawansa SJ, Cote GJ, Gagel RF, Westlund KN. Arthritic calcitonin/α calcitonin gene-related peptide knockout mice have reduced nociceptive hypersensitivity. Pain. 2001;89(2):265–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Benschop RJ, Collins EC, Darling RJ, Allan BW, Leung D, Conner EM, et al. Development of a novel antibody to calcitonin gene-related peptide for the treatment of osteoarthritis-related pain. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2014;22(4):578–85.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Khalil Z, Helme R. Sensory peptides as neuromodulators of wound healing in aged rats. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1996;51(5):B354–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Zhang X, Zhuang J, Wu H, Chen Z, Su J, Chen S, et al. Inhibitory effects of calcitonin gene-related peptides on experimental vein graft disease. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010;90(1):117–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Roggenkamp D, Köpnick S, Stäb F, Wenck H, Schmelz M, Neufang G. Epidermal nerve fibers modulate keratinocyte growth via neuropeptide signaling in an innervated skin model. J Investig Dermatol. 2013;133(6):1620–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Mishima T, Ito Y, Hosono K, Tamura Y, Uchida Y, Hirata M, et al. Calcitonin gene-related peptide facilitates revascularization during hindlimb ischemia in mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2011;300(2):H431–H9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Wurthmann S, Nägel S, Hadaschik E, Schlott S, Scheffler A, Kleinschnitz C, et al. Impaired wound healing in a migraine patient as a possible side effect of calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antibody treatment: A case report. Cephalalgia. 2019;40:1255–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Mulderry PK, Ghatei MA, Spokes RA, Jones PM, Pierson AM, Hamid QA, et al. Differential expression of alpha-CGRP and beta-CGRP by primary sensory neurons and enteric autonomic neurons of the rat. Neuroscience. 1988;25(1):195–205.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Sternini C. Enteric and visceral afferent CGRP neurons. Targets of innervation and differential expression patterns. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1992;657:170–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Haanes KA, Edvinsson L, Sams A. Understanding side-effects of anti-CGRP and anti-CGRP receptor antibodies. J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):26.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  82. Peskar BM, Wong HC, Walsh JH, Holzer P. A monoclonal antibody to calcitonin gene-related peptide abolishes capsaicin-induced gastroprotection. Eur J Pharmacol. 1993;250(1):201–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Reinshagen M, Flamig G, Ernst S, Geerling I, Wong H, Walsh JH, et al. Calcitonin gene-related peptide mediates the protective effect of sensory nerves in a model of colonic injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998;286(2):657–61.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Ohno T, Hattori Y, Komine R, Ae T, Mizuguchi S, Arai K, et al. Roles of calcitonin gene-related peptide in maintenance of gastric mucosal integrity and in enhancement of ulcer healing and angiogenesis. Gastroenterology. 2008;134(1):215–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Bartho L, Koczan G, Maggi CA. Studies on the mechanism of the contractile action of rat calcitonin gene-related peptide and of capsaicin on the Guinea-pig ileum: effect of hCGRP (8-37) and CGRP tachyphylaxis. Neuropeptides. 1993;25(6):325–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Bartho L, Koczan G, Holzer P, Maggi CA, Szolcsanyi J. Antagonism of the motor effects of CGRP and of capsaicin on the Guinea pig ileum by human CGRP8-37. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1992;657:538–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. FDA. Aimovig™ United States prescribing information 2018. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/761077s000lbl.pdf.

  88. Falkenberg K, Bjerg HR, Olesen J. Two-hour CGRP infusion causes gastrointestinal hyperactivity: possible relevance for CGRP antibody treatment. Headache. 2020;60(5):929–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Frattale I, Ornello R, Pistoia F, Caponnetto V, Colangeli E, Sacco S. Paralytic ileus after planned abdominal surgery in a patient on treatment with erenumab. Intern Emerg Med. 2021;16:227–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2020/761119s000lbl.pdf. Accessed 27 Nov 2020.

  91. Eftekhari S, Salvatore CA, Johansson S, Chen TB, Zeng Z, Edvinsson L. Localization of CGRP, CGRP receptor, PACAP and glutamate in trigeminal ganglion. Relation to the blood-brain barrier. Brain Res. 2015;1600:93–109.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Wimalawansa SJ. el-Kholy AA. Comparative study of distribution and biochemical characterization of brain calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors in five different species. Neuroscience. 1993;54(2):513–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Schankin CJ, Maniyar FH, Seo Y, Kori S, Eller M, Chou DE, et al. Ictal lack of binding to brain parenchyma suggests integrity of the blood-brain barrier for 11C-dihydroergotamine during glyceryl trinitrate-induced migraine. Brain. 2016;139(Pt 7):1994–2001.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  94. Hougaard A, Amin FM, Christensen CE, Younis S, Wolfram F, Cramer SP, et al. Increased brainstem perfusion, but no blood-brain barrier disruption, during attacks of migraine with aura. Brain. 2017;140(6):1633–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Lehman LL, Bruccoleri R, Danehy A, Swanson J, Mrakotsky C, Smith E, et al. Adverse effects of erenumab on cerebral proliferative angiopathy: a case report. Cephalalgia. 2021;41:122–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Walker CS, Eftekhari S, Bower RL, Wilderman A, Insel PA, Edvinsson L, et al. A second trigeminal CGRP receptor: function and expression of the AMY1 receptor. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2015;2(6):595–608.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  97. Hay DL, Walker CS, Gingell JJ, Ladds G, Reynolds CA, Poyner DR. Receptor activity-modifying proteins; multifunctional G protein-coupled receptor accessory proteins. Biochem Soc Trans. 2016;44(2):568–73.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Yallampalli C, Chauhan M, Thota CS, Kondapaka S, Wimalawansa SJ. Calcitonin gene-related peptide in pregnancy and its emerging receptor heterogeneity. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2002;13(6):263–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Stevenson JC, Macdonald DW, Warren RC, Booker MW, Whitehead MI. Increased concentration of circulating calcitonin gene related peptide during normal human pregnancy. Br Med J. 1986;293:1329–30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Saggese G, Bertelloni S, Baroncelli GI, Pelletti A, Benedetti U. Evaluation of a peptide family encoded by the calcitonin gene in selected healthy pregnant women. A longitudinal study. Horm Res. 1990;34(5–6):240–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Dong YL, Vegiraju S, Chauhan M, Gangula PR, Hankins GD, Goodrum L, et al. Involvement of calcitonin gene-related peptide in control of human fetoplacental vascular tone. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2004;286(1):H230–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Tsatsaris V, Tarrade A, Merviel P, Garel JM, Segond N, Jullienne A, et al. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and CGRP receptor expression at the human implantation site. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87(9):4383–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Dong YL, Chauhan M, Green KE, Vegiraju S, Wang HQ, Hankins GD, et al. Circulating calcitonin gene-related peptide and its placental origins in normotensive and preeclamptic pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195(6):1657–67.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Raffaelli B, Reuter U. The biology of monoclonal antibodies: focus on calcitonin gene-related peptide for prophylactic migraine therapy. Neurotherapeutics. 2018;15(2):324–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  105. Gangula PR, Dong YL, Wimalawansa SJ, Yallampalli C. Infusion of pregnant rats with calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)(8-37), a CGRP receptor antagonist, increases blood pressure and fetal mortality and decreases fetal growth. Biol Reprod. 2002;67(2):624–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Yallampalli C, Dong YL, Wimalawansa SJ. Calcitonin gene-related peptide reverses the hypertension and significantly decreases the fetal mortality in pre-eclampsia rats induced by N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. Human Reprod (Oxford, England). 1996;11(4):895–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Bussiere JL, Davies R, Dean C, Xu C, Kim KH, Vargas HM, et al. Nonclinical safety evaluation of erenumab, a CGRP receptor inhibitor for the prevention of migraine. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2019;106:224–38.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Rubio-Beltrán, E. (2021). Potential Side Effects and Pregnancy. In: Maassen van den Brink, A., Martelletti, P. (eds) Monoclonal Antibodies in Headache . Headache. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69032-8_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69032-8_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-69031-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-69032-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics