Skip to main content

Assessing and Diagnosing Eating Disorders in Boys and Men: An Overview

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Eating Disorders in Boys and Men

Abstract

Diagnosis provides means of communication, may serve to validate a person’s experience, and can inform treatment. It is imperative for clinicians to utilize appropriate diagnostic tools and best practices when diagnosing eating disorders. There are several considerations to take into account when assessing and diagnosing eating disorders in boys and men. Recent years have seen an increase in studies examining eating disorder symptoms among boys and men, and the notion that these issues do not affect this population has been unequivocally dismissed. However, the effects of this historical gender disparity in the eating disorder field persist, and researchers are just beginning to more fully understand the sometimes distinct nature of eating disorders among boys and men.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Subjective binge eating is similar to objective binge eating with respect to loss of control over eating, but the amount of food consumed in a subjective binge eating episode is not larger than what most people would consume under similar circumstances (i.e., a small or normal amount of food). Persons with any eating disorder diagnosis can experience subjective binge eating; objective binge eating is required to diagnose bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder.

References

  1. Lock J, Le Grange D. Treatment manual for anorexia nervosa: a family-based approach. Guilford Publications; New York, NY, USA. 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Fairburn CG, Cooper Z, Shafran R, Wilson GT. Eating disorders: A transdiagnostic protocol. In: Barlow DH, editor. Clinical handbook of psychological disorders: A step-by-step treatment manual. The Guilford Press: New York City. 2008, pp. 578–614.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Wilson GT, Shafran R. Eating disorders guidelines from NICE. Lancet. 2005;365(9453):79–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Mond JM, Mitchison D, Hay P. Eating disordered behavior in men: prevalence, impairment in quality of life, and implications for prevention and health promotion. Current findings on males with eating disorders, New York, NY, USA. 2013. pp. 209–231.

    Google Scholar 

  5. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Pub; Arlington, VA, USA. 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Lavender JM, Brown TA, Murray SB. Men, muscles, and eating disorders: an overview of traditional and muscularity-oriented disordered eating. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2017;19(6):32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Calzo JP, Horton NJ, Sonneville KR, Swanson SA, Crosby RD, Micali N, Eddy KT, Field AE. Male eating disorder symptom patterns and health correlates from 13 to 26 years of age. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016;55(8):693–700.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Murray SB, Griffiths S, Mond JM. Evolving eating disorder psychopathology: conceptualising muscularity-oriented disordered eating. Br J Psychiatry. 2016;208(5):414–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Griffiths S, Mond JM, Li Z, Gunatilake S, Murray SB, Sheffield J, Touyz S. Self-stigma of seeking treatment and being male predict an increased likelihood of having an undiagnosed eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord. 2015;48(6):775–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Grilo CM, Masheb RM, White MA. Significance of overvaluation of shape/weight in binge-eating disorder: comparative study with overweight and bulimia nervosa. Obesity. 2010;18(3):499–504.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Crow SJ, Peterson CB, Swanson SA, Raymond NC, Specker S, Eckert ED, Mitchell JE. Increased mortality in bulimia nervosa and other eating disorders. Am J Psychiatr. 2009;166(12):1342–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Hay P, Girosi F, Mond J. Prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of DSM-5 eating disorders in the Australian population. J Eat Disord. 2015;3(1):19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Le Grange D, Swanson SA, Crow SJ, Merikangas KR. Eating disorder not otherwise specified presentation in the US population. Int J Eat Disord. 2012;45(5):711–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Mitchison D, Mond J, Slewa-Younan S, Hay P. Sex differences in health-related quality of life impairment associated with eating disorder features: a general population study. Int J Eat Disord. 2013;46(4):375–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Garber AK, Cheng J, Accurso EC, Adams SH, Buckelew SM, Kapphahn CJ, Kreiter A, Le Grange D, Machen VI, Moscicki AB, Saffran K. Weight loss and illness severity in adolescents with atypical anorexia nervosa. Pediatrics. 2019;144(6):e20192339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Whitelaw M, Lee KJ, Gilbertson H, Sawyer SM. Predictors of complications in anorexia nervosa and atypical anorexia nervosa: degree of underweight or extent and recency of weight loss? J Adolesc Health. 2018;63(6):717–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Yager J, Powers PS, editors. Clinical manual of eating disorders. American Psychiatric Pub; Washington, D.C., USA. 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Furnham A, Badmin N, Sneade I. Body image dissatisfaction: gender differences in eating attitudes, self-esteem, and reasons for exercise. J Psychol. 2002;136(6):581–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Raevuori A, Keski-Rahkonen A, Hoek HW. A review of eating disorders in males. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2014;27(6):426–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Pedersen CB, Mors O, Bertelsen A, Waltoft BL, Agerbo E, McGrath JJ, Mortensen PB, Eaton WW. A comprehensive nationwide study of the incidence rate and lifetime risk for treated mental disorders. JAMA Psychiat. 2014;71(5):573–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Räisänen U, Hunt K. The role of gendered constructions of eating disorders in delayed help-seeking in men: a qualitative interview study. BMJ Open. 2014;4(4):e004342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Pope H, Phillips KA, Olivardia R. The Adonis complex: how to identify, treat and prevent body obsession in men and boys. Touchstone; New York, NY, USA 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Ousley L, Cordero ED, White S. Eating disorders and body image of undergraduate men. J Am Coll Heal. 2008;56(6):617–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Murray SB, Rieger E, Hildebrandt T, Karlov L, Russell J, Boon E, Dawson RT, Touyz SW. A comparison of eating, exercise, shape, and weight related symptomatology in males with muscle dysmorphia and anorexia nervosa. Body Image. 2012;9(2):193–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Neumark-Sztainer D, Eisenberg ME. Body image concerns, muscle-enhancing behaviors, and eating disorders in males. JAMA. 2014;312(20):2156–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Lavender JM, De Young KP, Anderson DA. Eating disorder examination questionnaire (EDE-Q): norms for undergraduate men. Eat Behav. 2010;11(2):119–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Striegel-Moore RH, Rosselli F, Perrin N, DeBar L, Wilson GT, May A, Kraemer HC. Gender difference in the prevalence of eating disorder symptoms. Int J Eat Disord. 2009;42(5):471–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Murray SB, Griffiths S, Rieger E, Touyz S. A comparison of compulsive exercise in male and female presentations of anorexia nervosa: what is the difference?. Advances in eating disorders: theory, research. Practice. 2014;2(1):65–70.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Olivardia R, Pope HG Jr, Borowiecki JJ III, Cohane GH. Biceps and body image: the relationship between muscularity and self-esteem, depression, and eating disorder symptoms. Psychol Men Masculinities. 2004;5(2):112–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Piacentino D, Kotzalidis GD, Longo L, Pavan A, Stivali L, Stivali G, Ferracuti S, Brugnoli R, Frati P, Fineschi V, Girardi P. Body image and eating disorders are common among professional and amateur athletes using performance and image enhancing drugs: a cross-sectional study. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2017;49(5):373–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Forney KJ, Holland LA, Joiner TE, Keel PK. Determining empirical thresholds for “definitely large” amounts of food for defining binge-eating episodes. Eat Disord. 2015;23(1):15–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Arikian A, Peterson CB, Swanson SA, Berg KC, Chartier L, Durkin N, Crow SJ. Establishing thresholds for unusually large binge eating episodes. Int J Eat Disord. 2012;45(2):222–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Lewinsohn PM, Seeley JR, Moerk KC, Striegel-Moore RH. Gender differences in eating disorder symptoms in young adults. Int J Eat Disord. 2002;32(4):426–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Murray SB, Nagata JM, Griffiths S, Calzo JP, Brown TA, Mitchison D, Blashill AJ, Mond JM. The enigma of male eating disorders: a critical review and synthesis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2017;57:1–1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Connan, F. Machismo nervosa: An ominous variant of bulimia nervosa. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 1998;6(3),154–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0968(199809)6:3<154::AID-ERV257>3.0.CO;2-S.

  36. Griffiths S, Mond JM, Murray SB, Touyz S. The prevalence and adverse associations of stigmatization in people with eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord. 2015;48(6):767–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. MacCaughelty C, Wagner R, Rufino K. Does being overweight or male increase a patient's risk of not being referred for an eating disorder consult? Int J Eat Disord. 2016;49(10):963–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Bentley C, Gratwick-Sarll K, Harrison C, Mond J. Sex differences in psychosocial impairment associated with eating disorder features in adolescents: a school-based study. Int J Eat Disord. 2015;48(6):633–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Bentley C, Mond J, Rodgers B. Sex differences in psychosocial impairment associated with eating-disordered behavior: what if there aren't any? Eating Behav. 2014;15(4):609–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Brittany K. Bohrer .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Bohrer, B.K., Donahue, J.M. (2021). Assessing and Diagnosing Eating Disorders in Boys and Men: An Overview. In: Nagata, J.M., Brown, T.A., Murray, S.B., Lavender, J.M. (eds) Eating Disorders in Boys and Men. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67127-3_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67127-3_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-67126-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-67127-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics