Skip to main content

Historical Origins of Global Mental Health

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Global Mental Health Ethics

Abstract

This chapter traces the emergence of global mental health as an area for study, research, and practice that places a priority on achieving equity in mental health for all people worldwide. It identifies the shortages of mental health services worldwide and the strategies that are being employed to address those shortages, notably task shifting/task sharing. It traces the contributions of various disciplines from anthropology to psychiatry and highlights the important interpretations that accompany psychiatric diagnosing. Critiques of the global mental health movement are identified as well as links made to the ethical principles that underlie it.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Advancing Partners & Communities. (2019). Community health systems catalog. Retrieved from https://www.advancingpartners.org/resources/chsc.

  2. Ae-Ngibise, K., Cooper, S., Adiibokah, E., Akpalu, B., Lund, C., Doku, V., & The, M. R. P. C. (2010). ‘Whether you like it or not people with mental problems are going to go to them’: A qualitative exploration into the widespread use of traditional and faith healers in the provision of mental health care in Ghana. International Review of Psychiatry, 22(6), 558–567. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2010.536149.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Alonso, J., Liu, Z., Evans-Lacko, S., Sadikova, E., Sampson, N., Chatterji, S., et al. (2018). Treatment gap for anxiety disorders is global: Results of the world mental health surveys in 21 countries. Depression and Anxiety, 35(3), 195–208. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22711.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Applbaum, K. (2009). Getting to yes: Corporate power and the creation of a psychopharmaceutical blockbuster. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 33(2), 185–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11013-009-9129-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Applbaum, K. (2010). Shadow science: Zyprexa, Eli Lilly and the globalization of pharmaceutical damage control. BioSocieties, 5(2), 236–255. https://doi.org/10.1057/biosoc.2010.5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Basaglia, F., Lovell, A., & Scheper-Hughes, N. (1987). Psychiatry inside out: Selected writings of Franco Basaglia. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Bass, J. K., Annan, J., McIvor Murray, S., Kaysen, D., Griffiths, S., Cetinoglu, T., et al. (2013). Controlled trial of psychotherapy for congolese survivors of sexual violence. The New England Journal of Medicine, 368(23), 2182–2191.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Benedict, R. (1934). Patterns of culture. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Biehl, J. (2004). Life of the mind: The interface of psychopharmaceuticals, domestic economies, and social abandonment. American Ethnologist, 31(4), 475–496.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Biehl, J., & Petryna, A. (2013). When people come first: Critical studies in global health. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  11. Boazak, M., Kohrt, B. A., Gwaikolo, W. S., Yoss, S., Sonkarlay, S., Strode, P., et al. (2019). Law enforcement and clinician partnerships: Training of trainers for CIT teams in Liberia, West Africa. Psychiatric Services, 70(8), 740–743. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201800510.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Bock, P. K. (1999). Rethinking psychological anthropology: Continuity and change in the study of human action (2nd ed.). Prospect Heights: Waveland Press.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Bock, P. K. (2000). Culture and personality revisited. The American Behavioral Scientist, 44(1), 32–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Bolton, P., Bass, J., Betancourt, T., Speelman, L., Onyango, G., Clougherty, K. F., et al. (2007). Interventions for depression symptoms among adolescent survivors of war and displacement in northern Uganda: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 298(5), 519–527.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Bolton, P., Bass, J., Neugebauer, R., Verdeli, H., Clougherty, K. F., Wickramaratne, P., et al. (2003). Group interpersonal psychotherapy for depression in rural Uganda: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 289(23), 3117–3124.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Bolton, P., Lee, C., Haroz, E. E., Murray, L., Dorsey, S., Robinson, C., et al. (2014). A transdiagnostic community-based mental health treatment for comorbid disorders: Development and outcomes of a randomized controlled trial among Burmese refugees in Thailand. PLoS Medicine, 11(11), e1001757. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001757.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Chibanda, D., Weiss, H. A., Verhey, R., et al. (2016). Effect of a primary care–based psychological intervention on symptoms of common mental disorders in Zimbabwe: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 316(24), 2618–2626. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.19102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Chisholm, D., Sweeny, K., Sheehan, P., Rasmussen, B., Smit, F., Cuijpers, P., & Saxena, S. (2016). Scaling-up treatment of depression and anxiety: A global return on investment analysis. Lancet Psychiatry, 3(5), 415–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30024-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Choudhury, S., & Kirmayer, L. J. (2009). Cultural neuroscience and psychopathology: Prospects for cultural psychiatry. Progress in Brain Research, 178, 263–283.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Cohen, A. (1992). Prognosis for schizophrenia in the third world: A reevaluation of cross-cultural research. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 16(1), 53–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Collins, P. Y., Insel, T. R., Chockalingam, A., Daar, A., & Maddox, Y. T. (2013). Grand challenges in global mental health: Integration in research, policy, and practice. PLoS Medicine/Public Libr Sci, 10(4), e1001434. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001434.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Collins, P. Y., Patel, V., Joestl, S. S., March, D., Insel, T. R., Daar, A. S., et al. (2011). Grand challenges in global mental health. Nature, 475(7354), 27–30. https://doi.org/10.1038/475027a.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Craig, T. J., Siegel, C., Hopper, K., Lin, S., & Sartorius, N. (1997). Outcome in schizophrenia and related disorders compared between developing and developed countries. A recursive partitioning re-analysis of the WHO DOSMD data [see comment]. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 229–233.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Csordas, T. J. (1994). Embodiment and experience: The existential ground of culture and self. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Degenhardt, L., Glantz, M., Evans-Lacko, S., Sadikova, E., Sampson, N., Thornicroft, G., et al. (2017). Estimating treatment coverage for people with substance use disorders: An analysis of data from the World Mental Health Surveys. World Psychiatry, 16(3), 299–307. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20457.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Doku, V. C. K., Wusu-Takyi, A., & Awakame, J. (2012). Implementing the Mental Health Act in Ghana: Any challenges ahead? Ghana Medical Journal, 46(4), 241–250.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Drew, N., Funk, M., Tang, S., Lamichhane, J., Chavez, E., Katontoka, S., et al. (2011). Human rights violations of people with mental and psychosocial disabilities: An unresolved global crisis. Lancet, 378(9803), 1664–1675. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61458-X.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Ecks, S. (2005). Pharmaceutical citizenship: Antidepressant marketing and the promise of demarginalization in India. Anthropology & Medicine, 3(2005), 239–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Ecks, S., & Basu, S. (2009). The unlicensed lives of antidepressants in India: Generic drugs, unqualified practitioners, and floating prescriptions. Transcultural Psychiatry, 46(1), 86–106. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461509102289.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Edgerton, R. B., & Cohen, A. (1994). Culture and schizophrenia: The DOSMD challenge. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 164(2), 222–231.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Estroff, S. E. (1981). Making it crazy: An ethnography of psychiatric clients in an American community. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Fairburn, C. G., & Patel, V. (2014). The global dissemination of psychological treatments: A road map for research and practice. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171(5), 495–498.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Farmer, P. (2003). Pathologies of power: Health, human rights, and the new war on the poor (Vol. 4). Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Farmer, P. (2004). Sidney W. Mintz Lecture for 2001 – an anthropology of structural violence. Current Anthropology, 45(3), 305–325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Farmer, P., Kim, J., Kleinman, A., & Basilico, M. (2013). Reimagining global health. An introduction. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Foucault, M. (1965). Madness and civilization; a history of insanity in the age of reason. New York: Pantheon Books.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Fuhr, D. C., Weobong, B., Lazarus, A., Vanobberghen, F., Weiss, H. A., Singla, D. R., et al. (2019). Delivering the thinking healthy programme for perinatal depression through peers: An individually randomised controlled trial in India. Lancet Psychiatry, 6(2), 115–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30466-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Gaines, A. D. (1992). Ethnopsychiatry: The cultural construction of psychiatries. In A. D. Gaines (Ed.), Ethnopsychiatry: The cultural construction of professional and folk psychiatries (pp. 3–50). Albany: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Galtung, J. (1969). Violence, peace, and peace research. Journal of Peace Research, 6(3), 167–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Grinker, R. R. (2008). Unstrange minds: Remapping the world of autism. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Hallowell, A. I. (1941). The social function of anxiety in a primitive society. In R. Littlewood & S. Dein (Eds.), Cultural psychiatry and medical anthropology: An introduction and reader (2000) (pp. 114–128). New Brunswick: The Athlone Press.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Harrison, G., Hopper, K., Craig, T., Laska, E., Siegel, C., Wanderling, J., et al. (2001). Recovery from psychotic illness: A 15- and 25-year international follow-up study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 178, 506–517.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Hoeft, T. J., Fortney, J. C., Patel, V., & Unützer, J. (2018). Task-sharing approaches to improve mental health care in rural and other low-resource settings: A systematic review. The Journal of Rural Health, 34(1), 48–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12229.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Jilek, W. G. (1995). Emil Kraepelin and comparative sociocultural psychiatry. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 245(4–5), 231–238. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02191802.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Jordans, M. J., Tol, W. A., Susanty, D., Ntamatumba, P., Luitel, N. P., Komproe, I. H., & de Jong, J. T. (2013). Implementation of a mental health care package for children in areas of armed conflict: A case study from Burundi, Indonesia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Sudan. PLoS Medicine/Public Libr Sci, 10(1), e1001371. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001371.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Kakuma, R., Minas, H., van Ginneken, N., Dal Poz, M. R., Desiraju, K., Morris, J. E., et al. (2011). Human resources for mental health care: Current situation and strategies for action. Lancet, 378(9803), 1654–1663.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Kirmayer, L. J. (2002). Psychopharmacology in a globalizing world: The use of antidepressants in Japan. Transcultural Psychiatry, 39(3), 295–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Kirmayer, L. J. (2006). Beyond the new cross-cultural psychiatry: Cultural biology, discursive psychology and the ironies of globalization. Transcultural Psychiatry, 43(1), 126–144.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Kleinman, A. (1988). Rethinking psychiatry: From cultural category to personal experience. New York: Free Press, Collier Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Kleinman, A. (1995). Writing at the margin: Discourse between anthropology and medicine. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Kleinman, A. (1997). “Everything that really matters” + examining the convergence of medical anthropology and the study of religion: Social suffering, subjectivity, and the remaking of human experience in a disordering world. Harvard Theological Review, 90(3), 315–335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Kleinman, A. (2006). What really matters: Living a moral life amid uncertainty and danger. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Kleinman, A., & Good, B. (1985). Culture and depression: Studies in the anthropology and cross-cultural psychiatry of affect and disorder. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  54. Kleinman, A. M. (1982). Neurasthenia and depression: A study of somatization and culture in China. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 6, 117–190.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Kohrt, B., Asher, L., Bhardwaj, A., Fazel, M., Jordans, M., Mutamba, B., et al. (2018). The role of communities in mental health care in low- and middle-income countries: A meta-review of components and competencies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(6), 1279.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Laing, R. D. (1970). Self and others (2nd rev ed.). New York: Pantheon Books.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Laing, R. D. (1985). Wisdom, madness, and folly: The making of a psychiatrist. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Leff, J., Sartorius, N., Jablensky, A., Korten, A., & Ernberg, G. (1992). The international pilot study of schizophrenia: Five-year follow-up findings. Psychological Medicine, 22(1), 131–145.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Lende, D. H., & Downey, G. (Eds.). (2012). The encultured brain: An introduction to neuroanthropology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  60. LeVine, R. A. (2001). Culture and personality studies, 1918-1960: Myth and history. Journal of Personality, 69(6), 803–818.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Littlewood, R. (1990). From categories to contexts: A decade of the ‘new cross-cultural psychiatry’. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 308–327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Littlewood, R. (2002). Pathologies of the west: An anthropology of mental illness in Europe and America. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Littlewood, R., & Dein, S. (2000). Introduction. In R. Littlewood & S. Dein (Eds.), Cultural psychiatry and medical anthropology: An introduction and reader (pp. 1–34). New Brunswick: The Athlone Press.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Lovell, A., & Scheper-Hughes, N. (1987). Introduction. In A. Lovell & N. Scheper-Hughes (Eds.), Psychiatry inside out: Selected writings of Franco Basaglia (pp. 1–50). New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Luhrmann, T. M. (2000). Of two minds: The growing disorder in American psychiatry (1st ed.). New York: Knopf; distributed by Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Mead, M. (1949). Male and female: A study of the sexes in a changing world. New York: W. Morrow.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Murphy, H. B., Wittkower, E. D., & Chance, N. A. (1964). Cross-cultural inquiry into the symptomatology of depression. Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review, 1, 5–21.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Murphy, J. M. (1976). Psychiatric labeling in cross-cultural perspective. Science, 191, 1019–1028.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Murray, L. K., Skavenski, S., Kane, J. C., Mayeya, J., Dorsey, S., Cohen, J. A., et al. (2015). Effectiveness of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy among trauma-affected children in Lusaka, Zambia: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatrics, 169(8), 761–769.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Mutamba, B. B., Kane, J. C., De Jong, J., Okello, J., Musisi, S., & Kohrt, B. A. (2018). Psychological treatments delivered by community health workers in low-resource government health systems: Effectiveness of group interpersonal psychotherapy for caregivers of children affected by Nodding Syndrome in Uganda. Psychological Medicine, 48(15), 2573. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718000193.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Nadkarni, A., Weobong, B., Weiss, H. A., McCambridge, J., Bhat, B., Katti, B., et al. (2017). Counselling for Alcohol Problems (CAP), a lay counsellor-delivered brief psychological treatment for harmful drinking in men, in primary care in India: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 389(10065), 186–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31590-2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Ofori-Atta, A., Read, U., & Lund, C. (2010). A situation analysis of mental health services and legislation in Ghana: Challenges for transformation. The African Journal of Psychiatry, 13(2), 99–108.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Packard, R. M. (2016). A history of global health: Interventions into the lives of other peoples. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Panter-Brick, C., Dajani, R., Eggerman, M., Hermosilla, S., Sancilio, A., & Ager, A. (2017). Insecurity, distress and mental health: Experimental and randomized controlled trials of a psychosocial intervention for youth affected by the Syrian crisis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59, 523–541. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12832.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Patel, V., Cohen, A., Thara, R., & Gureje, O. (2006). Is the outcome of schizophrenia really better in developing countries? Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 28(2), 149–152.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Patel, V., Collins, P. Y., Copeland, J., Kakuma, R., Katontoka, S., Lamichhane, J., et al. (2011). The movement for global mental health. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 198, 88–90.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Patel, V., Minas, H., Cohen, A., & Prince, M. (2014). Global mental health: Principles and practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Patel, V., Saxena, S., Lund, C., Thornicroft, G., Baingana, F., Bolton, P., et al. (2018). The Lancet Commission on global mental health and sustainable development. Lancet, 392(10157), 1553–1598. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31612-X.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Patel, V., & Thornicroft, G. (2009). Packages of care for mental, neurological, and substance use disorders in low- and middle-income countries: PLoS Medicine Series. PLoS Medicine/Public Libr Sci, 6(10), e1000160.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Patel, V., Weobong, B., Weiss, H. A., Anand, A., Bhat, B., Katti, B., et al. (2017). The Healthy Activity Program (HAP), a lay counsellor-delivered brief psychological treatment for severe depression, in primary care in India: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 389(10065), 176–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31589-6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  81. Petryna, A., Lakoff, A., & Kleinman, A. (2006). Global pharmaceuticals: Ethics, markets, practices. Durham: Duke University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  82. Prince, M., Patel, V., Saxena, S., Maj, M., Maselko, J., Phillips, M. R., & Rahman, A. (2007). No health without mental health. Lancet, 370(9590), 859–877.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Prince, R. (1985). The concept of culture-bound syndromes: Anorexia nervosa and brain-fag. Social Science & Medicine, 21(2), 197–203.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Rahman, A., Hamdani, S. U., Awan, N. R., Bryant, R. A., Dawson, K. S., Khan, M. F., et al. (2016). Effect of a multicomponent behavioral intervention in adults impaired by psychological distress in a conflict-affected area of Pakistan a randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 316(24), 2609–2617. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.17165.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Rahman, A., Khan, M. N., Hamdani, S. U., Chiumento, A., Akhtar, P., Nazir, H., et al. (2019). Effectiveness of a brief group psychological intervention for women in a post-conflict setting in Pakistan: A single-blind, cluster, randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 393(10182), 1733–1744. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32343-2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Rahman, A., Malik, A., Sikander, S., Roberts, C., & Creed, F. (2008). Cognitive behaviour therapy-based intervention by community health workers for mothers with depression and their infants in rural Pakistan: A cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 372(9642), 902–909.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Rhodes, L. A. (1991). Emptying beds: The work of an emergency psychiatric unit. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Rivers, W. H. R. (1924). Medicine, magic, and religion: The Fitz Patrick lectures. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Company, Inc..

    Google Scholar 

  89. Sartorius, N., Jablensky, A., & Shapiro, R. (1977). Two-year follow-up of the patients included in the WHO International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 7(3), 529–541.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Sartorius, N., Shapiro, R., Kimura, M., & Barrett, K. (1972). WHO international pilot study of schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 2(4), 422–425.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Scheper-Hughes, N. (1979). Saints, scholars, and schizophrenics: Mental illness in rural Ireland. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Shorter, E. (1997). A history of psychiatry: From the era of the asylum to the age of Prozac. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Sikander, S., Ahmad, I., Atif, N., Zaidi, A., Vanobberghen, F., Weiss, H. A., et al. (2019). Delivering the thinking healthy programme for perinatal depression through volunteer peers: A cluster randomised controlled trial in Pakistan. Lancet Psychiatry, 6(2), 128–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30467-X.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Singla, D. R., Kohrt, B. A., Murray, L. K., Anand, A., Chorpita, B. F., & Patel, V. (2017). Psychological treatments for the world: Lessons from low- and middle-income countries. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 13(April), 5.1–5.33. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Ssewamala, F. M., Sensoy Bahar, O., McKay, M. M., Hoagwood, K., Huang, K.-Y., & Pringle, B. (2018). Strengthening mental health and research training in Sub-Saharan Africa (SMART Africa): Uganda study protocol. Trials, 19(1), 423. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-018-2751-z.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  96. Swartz, L. (2012). An unruly coming of age: The benefits of discomfort for global mental health. Transcultural Psychiatry, 49(3–4), 531–538. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461512454810.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Szasz, T. S. (1961). The myth of mental illness: Foundations of a theory of personal conduct. New York: Dell.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Thornicroft, G., Chatterji, S., Evans-Lacko, S., Gruber, M., Sampson, N., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., et al. (2017). Undertreatment of people with major depressive disorder in 21 countries. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 210(2), 119–124. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.116.188078.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  99. Tol, W. A., Augustinavicius, J., Carswell, K., Brown, F. L., Adaku, A., Leku, M. R., et al. (2018). Translation, adaptation, and pilot of a guided self-help intervention to reduce psychological distress in South Sudanese refugees in Uganda. Global Mental Health, 5, e25. https://doi.org/10.1017/gmh.2018.14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  100. Weiss, W. M., Murray, L. K., Zangana, G. A. S., Mahmooth, Z., Kaysen, D., Dorsey, S., et al. (2015). Community-based mental health treatments for survivors of torture and militant attacks in Southern Iraq: A randomized control trial. BMC Psychiatry, 15, 249. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-015-0622-7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  101. Wittkower, E. D. (1970). Transcultural psychiatry in the Caribbean: Past, present, and future. American Journal of Psychiatry, 127(2), 162–166.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. World Health Organization. (1981). World Health Organization: schizophrenia: An international follow-up study. Chichester: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  103. World Health Organization. (2001). The world health report 2001: Mental health: New understanding, new hope. Geneva: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  104. World Health Organization. (2008). Task shifting: Rational redistribution of tasks among health workforce teams: Global recommendations and guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  105. World Health Organization. (2010). mhGAP intervention guide for mental, neurological and substance-use disorders in non-specialized health settings: Mental health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP). Geneva: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  106. World Health Organization. (2016). mhGAP intervention guide for mental, neurological and substance use disorders in non-specialized health settings: Mental health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) – version 2.0. Geneva: World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/mental_health/mhgap/mhGAP_intervention_guide_02/en/.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Young, A. (1995). The harmony of illusions: Inventing post-traumatic stress disorder. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Murthy, R. S., Wig, N. N. (1983). The WHO collaborative study on strategies for extending mental health care, IV: A training approach to enhancing the availability of mental health manpower in a developing country. Am J Psychiatry. 140(11), 1486–90.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Westermeyer, J. (1976). The pro-heroin effects of anti-opium laws in Asia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33(9), 1135–1139. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1976.01770090125014.

  110. Desjarlais, R., Eisenberg, L., Good, B., & Kleinman, A. (1995). World mental health: Problems and priorities in low-income countries. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Weine S, Kohrt BA, Collins PY, Cooper J, Lewis-Fernandez R, Okpaku S, Wainberg ML. (2020) Justice for George Floyd and a reckoning for global mental health. Global Mental Health. 7:e22. https://doi.org/10.1017/gmh.2020.17.

  112. Mead, M. 1935. Sex and temperament in three primitive societies. New York: W. Morrow & Company.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Brandon A. Kohrt .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Kohrt, B.A. (2021). Historical Origins of Global Mental Health. In: Dyer, A.R., Kohrt, B.A., Candilis, P.J. (eds) Global Mental Health Ethics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66296-7_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66296-7_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-66295-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-66296-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics