What are mud volcanoes?

The eruption of mud and magma can be influenced by earthquakes and reports date back more than 2000 years. Dozens of examples of eruptions have now been documented in response to both static and dynamic stresses from earthquakes. Already erupting systems are most sensitive to earthquakes compared to initiating new eruptions. Multiple plausible mechanisms have been proposed for triggering eruptions including disrupting particle-rich materials, mobilizing bubbles, or changing permeability—changes may occur both within and outside the reservoir hosting the materials that ultimately erupt. Using historical examples of triggered mud eruptions, we explain why it is unlikely that the Sidoarjo mud flow (sometimes nicknamed “Lusi”) was initiated by an earthquake. As multiparameter monitoring of volcanoes expands, it may eventually be possible to identify triggering mechanisms and how seismic waves influence magma and mud mobility in field settings.

The mud onslaught forced tens of thousands of people to relocate from their homes. Mochammad Risyal Hidayat/AFP via Getty Images Except that it didn't stop. Weeks passed, and the spreading mud engulfed entire villages. In a frantic race against time, the Indonesian government began to build levees to contain the mud and stop the spread. When the mud overtopped these levees, they built new ones behind the first set. The government eventually succeeded in stopping the mud's advance, but not before the flows had wiped out a dozen villages and forced 60,000 people to relocate.
Why would the Earth suddenly start vomiting forth huge quantities of mud like this?

Introducing mud volcanoes
The Lusi structure -a contraction of Lumpur Sidoarjo, meaning "Sidoarjo mud" -is an example of a geological feature known as a mud volcano. They form when a combination of mud, fluids and gases erupt at the Earth's surface. The term "volcano" is borrowed from the much better known world of igneous volcanoes, where molten rock comes to the surface. I've been studying these fascinating structures on subsurface seismic data for the past five years, but nothing compares to seeing one actively erupting.
For mud volcanoes, in many cases the mud bubbles up to the surface rather quietly. But sometimes the eruptions are quite violent. Furthermore, most of the gas coming out of a mud volcano is methane, which is highly flammable. This gas can ignite, creating spectacular fiery eruptions. Those who believe the gas well triggered the eruption argue that the well experienced a blowout due to insufficient mud weight, but that the blowout did not come all the way up the wellbore to the surface. Instead, the fluids came only partway up the wellbore before injecting sideways into fractures and erupting at the surface several hundred meters away. As evidence, these proponents point to measurements made in the well during drilling. Furthermore, they suggest the earthquake was too far away from the well to have had any effect.
By contrast, proponents of the earthquake trigger believe that the Lusi eruption was caused by an active hydrothermal system in the subsurface, somewhat akin to Old Faithful in Yellowstone National Park. They argue that such systems have a long history of being affected by very distant earthquakes, so the argument that Lusi was too far away HOME Read more:

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