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Magnetic Fields and Measurements

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Handbook of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials

Abstract

Magnetic fields play a crucial role in manipulating and characterizing the electronic and magnetic properties of matter. In the present chapter, we discuss the generation of magnetic fields in a laboratory environment, their measurement, and the measurement of magnetic properties. As part of the magnet section, we explain fundamental limitations for generating high magnetic fields, the principal technical strategies to cope with them, and the implementation of different concepts in state-of-the-art high-field facilities. The measurement section starts with a brief review of physical phenomena that can be used to measure a magnetic field, followed by general technical considerations regarding noise, signal treatment, and basic sensor requirements. A detailed presentation of individual sensor types, their operating principle, performance, and application is given afterward. The subsequent discussion of techniques to measure magnetic properties essentially refers to the same sensors integrated in dedicated setups. Stray field methods and questions concerning metrology and calibration are briefly mentioned at the end of the chapter.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Carlo Rizzo for helpful discussions on metrology issues.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. LNCMI-CNRS (UPR3228), EMFL, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSA Toulouse, Univ. Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France

    Oliver Portugall

  2. LNCMI-CNRS (UPR3228), EMFL, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSA Toulouse, Univ. Toulouse 3, Grenoble, France

    Steffen Krämer

  3. Hochfeld-Magnetlabor Dresden (EMFL-HLD), Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany

    Yurii Skourski

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  1. Oliver Portugall
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  1. School of Physics, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland

    Michael Coey

  2. Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle (Saale), Germany

    Stuart Parkin

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Portugall, O., Krämer, S., Skourski, Y. (2021). Magnetic Fields and Measurements. In: Coey, M., Parkin, S. (eds) Handbook of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63101-7_24-1

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