Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Migration of Pacific Marine Mollusc Fauna into the North Atlantic Across the Arctic Ocean in Pliocene and Early Pleistocene Time

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Pacific - Atlantic Mollusc Migration

Part of the book series: Topics in Geobiology ((TGBI,volume 52))

Abstract

The Tjörnes sequence documents an exchange of molluscs between the North Pacific and the Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans. Before the Pliocene, the main open passage between the Atlantic and the Pacific was through the Central American Seaway. A Beringian land bridge prevented exchange of marine biota in the northern region. The Bering Strait was probably opened towards the termination of the Miocene at 5.3 Ma, and the final closure of the Central American Seaway took place at about 2.7 Ma. At least 34 molluscan species of Pacific ancestry reached Iceland during the Pliocene and three species reached Iceland, while the Lower Pleistocene part of the Breiðavík Group on Tjörnes was deposited. The major migration of Pacific species into the Tjörnes area is manifested at the base of the Serripes biozone of the Barmur Group of the Tjörnes sequence at about 3.8 Ma. This was preceded by earlier appearances of mollusc species close to the Miocene-Pliocene boundary. Mollusc migration into the Tjörnes area was not a single, abrupt event, but occurred at various times during the Pliocene and Lower Pleistocene. Some of these species of Pacific origin have subsequently dominated boreal, subarctic, and arctic molluscan assemblages in the North Atlantic.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aagaard, K., Weingartner, T. J., Danielson, S. L., Woodgate, R. A., Johnson, G. C., & Whitledge, T. E. (2006). Some controls on flow and salinity in Bering Strait. Geophysical Research Letters, 33, L19602. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026612

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aguilera, O., Ramos, M. I. F., Paes, E. T., Costa, S. A. R. F., & Sánchez-Villaga, M. R. (2011). The Neogene tropical America fish assemblage and the paleobiogeography of the Caribbean region. Sviss Journal of Palaeontology, 130, 217–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Áskelsson, J. (1935). News from Tjörnes (Ad interim). Skýrsla um Hið íslenska Náttúrufræðisfélag, 1933–1934, 48–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Backman, J. (1979). Pliocene biostratigraphy of DSDP sites 111 and 116 from the North Atlantic Ocean and the age of Northern Hemisphere glaciation. Stockholm Contributions in Geology, 32(3), 115–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bárðarson, G. G. (1925). A stratigraphical survey of the Pliocene deposits at Tjörnes, in northern Iceland. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Biologiske Meddelelser, 4(5), 1–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartoli, G., Sarnthein, M., Weinelt, M., Erlenkeuser, H., Garbe-Schönberg, L., & Lea, D. W. (2005). Final closure of Panama and the onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 237, 33–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bellomo, E., & Raffi, S. (1991). Osservazioni su Macoma obliqua (Sowerby, 1817), ospite boreale nel Pleistocene inferiore del Mediterraneo. Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 30(1), 3–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berggren, W. A., & Hollister, C. D. (1974). Paleogeography, paleobiogeography and the history of circulation in the Atlantic Ocean. Special publication – Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, 20, 126–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berggren, W. A., & Hollister, C. D. (1977). Plate tectonics and paleocirculation – commotion in the ocean. Tectonophysics, 38, 11–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernard, F. R. (1979). Bivalve mollusks of the western Beaufort Sea. Contributions in Sciences (Vol. 313, pp. 1–80). Los Angeles: Natural Museum of Los Angeles.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beszczynska-Möller, A., Woodgate, R. A., Lee, C., Melling, H., & Karcher, M. (2011). A synthesis of exchanges through the main oceanic gateways to the Arctic Ocean. Oceanography, 24(3), 82–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buchardt, B., & Símonarson, L. A. (2003). Isotope palaeotemperatures from the Tjörnes beds in Iceland: Evidence of Pliocene cooling. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 189, 71–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buchs, D. M., Arculus, R. J., Baumgartner, P. O., Baumgartner-Mora, C., & Ulianov, A. (2010). Late Creataceous arc development on the SW margin of the Caribbean Plate: Insights from the Golfito, Costa Rica, and Azuero, Panama, complexes. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 11(7). https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GC002901

  • Checkley, D. M., & Barth, J. A. (2009). Pattern and processes in the California current system. Progress in Oceanography, 83, 49–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coan, E. V. (1971). The Northwest American Tellinidae. The Veliger, 14(Suppl), 1–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cronin, T. M. (1991a). Late Neogene marine ostracoda from Tjörnes, Iceland. Journal of Paleontology, 65, 767–794.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cronin, T. M. (1991b). Pliocene shallow water paleoceanography of the North Atlantic Ocean based on marine ostracodes. Quaternary Science Reviews, 10, 175–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Schepper, S., Schreck, M., Beck, K. M., Matthiessen, J., Fahl, K., & Mangerud, G. (2015). Early Pliocene onset of modern Nordic seas circulation related to ocean gateway changes. Nature Communications, 6(8659). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9659

  • Durham, J. W., & MacNeil, F. S. (1967). Cenozoic migrations of marine invertebrates through the Bering Strait region. In D. M. Hopkins (Ed.), The Bering Land Bridge (pp. 326–349). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Einarsson, T., Hopkins, D. M., & Doell, R. R. (1967). The stratigraphy of Tjörnes, northern Iceland, and the history of the Bering Land Bridge. In D. M. Hopkins (Ed.), The Bering Land Bridge (pp. 312–325). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eiríksson, J. (2008). Glaciation events in the Pliocene – Pleistocene volcanic succession of Iceland. Jökull, 58, 315–329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eiríksson, J., Guðmundsson, A. I., Símonarson, L. A., Einarsson, P., Hjartardóttir, Á. R., & Brandsdóttir, B. (2020a). The evolution of the Tjörnes Sedimentary Basin in relation to the Tjörnes fracture zone and the geological structure of Iceland. In J. Eiríksson & L. A. Símonarson (Eds.), Pacific – Atlantic mollusc migration. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. This volume, Chapter 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eiríksson, J., Guðmundsson, A. I., Símonarson, L. A., & Knudsen, K. L. (2020b). Lithostratigraphy of the upper part of the Tjörnes sequence in Furuvík, Breiðavík, Öxarfjörður, and Central Tjörnes Mountains, North Iceland. In J. Eiríksson & L. A. Símonarson (Eds.), Pacific – Atlantic mollusc migration. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. This volume, Chapter 10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eiríksson, J., Knudsen, K. L., Larsen, G., Olsen, J., Heinemeier, J., Bartels-Jónsdóttir, H. B., et al. (2011). Coupling of palaeoceanographic shifts and changes in marine reservoir ages off North Iceland through the last millennium. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 302, 95–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eiríksson, J., Knudsen, K. L., & Vilhjálmsson, M. (1992). An Early Pleistocene glacial-interglacial cycle in the Breidavík Group on Tjörnes, Iceland: Sedimentary facies, foraminifera, and molluscs. Quaternary Science Reviews, 11, 733–757.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eiríksson, J., Larsen, G., Knudsen, K. L., Heinemeier, J., & Símonarson, L. A. (2004). Marine reservoir age variability and water mass distribution in the Iceland Sea. Quaternary Science Reviews, 23, 2247–2268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eiríksson, J., Símonarson, L. A., & Knudsen, K. L. (2020c). An age model for the Miocene to Pleistocene Tjörnes sequence, North Iceland. In J. Eiríksson & L. A. Símonarson (Eds.), Pacific – Atlantic mollusc migration. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. This volume, Chapter 6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekman, S. (1935). Tiergeographie des Meeres (p. 542). Leipzig, Germany: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiorillo, A. R. (2008). Dinosaurs of Alaska: Implications for the Cretaceous origin of Beringia. Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, 442, 313–326.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, J. A. (1943). Mollusca from the Miocene and Lower Pliocene of Virginia and North Carolina. Part 1, Pelecypoda. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 199-A, 1–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gladenkov, A. Y., Oleinik, A. E., Marincovich, L. J., & Barinov, K. B. (2002). A refined age for the earliest opening of Bering Strait. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 183(3–4), 321–328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gladenkov, Y. B., Norton, P., & Spaink, G. (1980). Upper Cenozoic of Iceland. Trudy Geologischeskogo Instituta Academiya Nauk SSSR, 345, 1–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordillo, S. (2001). Puzzling distribution of the fossil and living genus Hiatella (Bivalvia). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 165, 231–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grant IV, U. S., & Gale, H. R. (1931). Catalogue of the marine Pliocene and Pleistocene Mollusca of California and adjacent regions (1) (p. 1036). San Diego, CA: San Diego Society of Natural History.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haq, B. U., Hardenbol, J., & Vail, P. R. (1987). Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the Triassic. Science, 235, 1156–1167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harmer, F. W. (1914). The Pliocene Mollusca of Great Britain, being supplementary to S.V. Wood’s Monograph of the Crag Mollusca (1(1)). London: The Palaeontographical Society. 1–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harmer, F. W. (1915). The Pliocene Mollusca of Great Britain, being supplementary to S.V. Wood’s Monograph of the Crag Mollusca (1(2)). London: The Palaeontographical Society. 201–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harmer, F. W. (1921). The Pliocene Mollusca of Great Britain, being supplementary to S.V. Wood’s Monograph of the Crag Mollusca (2(2)). London: The Palaeontographical Society. 653-705.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haug, G. H., & Keigwin, L. D. (2004). How the Isthmus of Panama put ice in the Arctic. Oceanus Magazine, 42(2), 1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haug, G. H., & Tiedemann, R. (1998). Effect of the formation of the Isthmus of Panama on Atlantic Ocean thermohaline circulation. Nature, 393, 673–676.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haug, G. H., Tiedemann, R., Zahn, R., & Ravelo, A. C. (2001). Role of Panama uplift on oceanic freshwater balance. Geology, 29, 673–676.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hopkins, D. M. (1967a). Quaternary marine transgressions in Alaska. In D. M. Hopkins (Ed.), The Bering Land Bridge (pp. 47–90). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopkins, D. M. (1967b). The Cenozoic history of Beringia – A synthesis. In D. M. Hopkins (Ed.), The Bering Land Bridge (pp. 451–484). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopkins, D. M. (1996). Introduction: The concept of Beringia. In F. H. West (Ed.), American beginnings: The prehistory and palaeoecology of Beringia (pp. xvii–xxi). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopkins, D. M., Einarsson, T., & Doell, R. R. (1965). The stratigraphy of Tjörnes, northeastern Iceland. In Proceedings from International Association for Quaternary Research, 7th International Congress 1965, Boulder, p. 223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu, A., Meehl, G. A., Han, W., Otto-Bliestner, B., Abe-Ouchi, A., & Rosenbloom, N. (2015). Effects of the Bering Strait closure on AMOC and global climate under different background climates. Progress in Oceanography, 132, 174–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, J. B. C., Jung, P., Coates, A. G., & Collins, L. S. (1993). Diversity and extinction of tropical American mollusks and emergence of the Isthmus of Panama. Science, 260, 1624–1626.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keigwin, L. D. (1982). Isotopic paleoceanography of the Caribbean and East Pacific: Role of Panama uplift in late Neogene time. Science, 217, 350–353.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knudsen, K. L., Eiríksson, J., & Símonarson, L. A. (2020). Foraminifera in the Early Pleistocene part of the Breiðavík Group on Tjörnes, North Iceland. In J. Eiríksson & L. A. Símonarson (Eds.), Pacific – Atlantic mollusc migration. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. This volume, Chapter 12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knudsen, K. L., Stabell, B., Seidenkrantz, M.-S., Eiríksson, J., & Blake, W. J. (2008). Deglacial and Holocene conditions in northernmost Baffin Bay: Sediments, foraminifera, diatoms and stable isotopes. Boreas, 37, 346–376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Landau, B., Marques Da Silva, C., & Vermeij, G. (2009). Pacific elements in the Caribbean Neogene gastropod fauna: The source-sink model, larval development, disappearance, and faunal units. Bulletin de la Société géologique de France, 180, 343–352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lear, C. H., Rosenthal, Y., & Wright, J. D. (2003). The closing of a seaway: Ocean water masses and global climate change. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 210, 425–436.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lunt, D., Valdes, P. J., Haywood, A., & Rutt, I. C. (2008). Closure of the Panama seaway during the Pliocene: Implications for climate and Northern Hemisphere glaciation. Climate Dynamics, 30, 1–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mackey, K. G., Fujita, K., Gunbina, L. V., Kovalev, V. N., Imaev, V. S., Koz’min, B. M., et al. (1997). Seismicity of the Bering Strait region: Evidence for a Bering block. Geology, 25, 979–982.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacNeil, F. S. (1965). Evolution and distribution of the genus Mya and Tertiary migrations of molluscs. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 483-G, 1–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacNeil, F. S., Mertie, J., & J. B., & Pilsbry, H. A. (1943). Marine invertebrate faunas of the buried beaches near Nome, Alaska. Journal of Paleontology, 17(1), 69–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macpherson, E. (1971). The marine molluscs of Arctic Canada. Prosobranch gastropods, chitons and scaphopods. National Museum of Canada, Publications in Biological Oceanography, 3. 149 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malatesta, A., & Zarlenga, F. (1986). Northern guests in the Pleistocene Mediterranean Sea. Geologica Romana, 25, 91–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marincovich, L. J. (2000). Central American paleogeography controlled Pliocene Arctic Ocean molluscan migrations. Geology, 28, 551–554.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marincovich, L. J., & Gladenkov, A. Y. (1999). Evidence for an early opening of the Bering Strait. Nature, 397, 149–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marquet, R. (1998). De Pliocene gastropodenfauna van Kallo (Oost-Vlaanderen, België). Publicatie van de Belgische Vereniging voor Paleontologie, 17, 1–246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marquet, R., & Landau, B. (2006). The gastropod fauna of the Luchtbal Sand Member (Lillo Formation, Zanclean, Early Pliocene) of the Antwerp region (Belgium). Cainozoic Research, 5(1–2), 13–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montes, C., Cardona, A., Jaramillo, C., Pardo, A., Silva, J. C., Valencia, V., et al. (2015). Middle Miocene closure of the Central America Seaway. Science, 348(6231), 226–229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newkirk, D. R., & Martin, E. E. (2009). Circulation through the Central American Seaway during the Miocene carbonate crash. Geology, 37, 87–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Dea, A., Lessios, H. A., Coates, A. G., Eytan, R. I., Restrepo-Moreno, S. A., Cione, A. L., et al. (2016). Formation of the Isthmus of Panama. Science Advances, 2(8). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600883

  • Osborne, A. H., Newkirk, D. R., Groeneveld, J., Martin, E. E., Tiedemann, R., & Frank, M. (2014). The seawater neodymium and lead isotope record of the final stages of Central American Seaway closure. Paleoceanography, 29, 715–729.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Óskarsson, I. (1964). Skeldýrafána Íslands 1. Samlokur í sjó. 2. útgáfa aukin (p. 123). Reykjavík, Iceland: Asór.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petrov, O. M. (1967). Paleogeography of Chukotka during Late Neogene and Quaternary time. In D. M. Hopkins (Ed.), The Bering Land Bridge (pp. 144–171). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plafker, G., & Berg, H. C. (1994). Overview of the geology and tectonic evolution of Alaska. In G. Plafker & H. C. Berg (Eds.), The geology of Alaska (pp. 368–388). Boulder, CO: Geological Society of America.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reid, D. G. (1996). Systematics and evolution of Littorina (p. 463). London: The Ray Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudels, B. (2015). Arctic Ocean circulation, processes and water masses: A description of observations and ideas with focus on the period prior to the International Polar Year 2007–2009. Progress in Oceanography, 132, 22–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rudels, B., Schauer, U., Björk, G., Korhonen, M., Pisarev, S., Rabe, B., et al. (2013). Observations of water masses and circulation with focus on the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean from 1990s to the late 2000s. Ocean Science, 9, 147–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sami, M., & Taviani, M. (1997). Lower Pleistocene record of the boreal guest Macoma obliqua (Sowerby, 1817) from the Romagna Apennine (N Italy). Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 35(3), 277–280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaffer, G., & Bendtsen, J. (1994). Role of the Bering Strait in controlling North Atlantic Ocean circulation and climate. Nature, 367, 354–357.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schlesch, H. (1924). Zur Kenntnis der pliocänen Cragformation von Hallbjarnarstadur, Tjörnes, Nord-Island und ihrer Molluskenfauna. Archiv für Molluskenkunde, 1(3), 309–370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlesch, H. (1931). Kleine Mittteilungen VII. Archiv für Molluskenkunde, 63(4–5), 133–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scholl, D. W. (1999). Plate-boundary driven tectonism of the northern rim of the Pacific basin forms the Aleutian-Bering region in the Early and Middle Eocene. Abstracts with Programs – Geological Society of America, 31(7), 1–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scholl, D. W., Buffington, E. C., & Hopkins, D. M. (1966). Exposure of basement rock on the continental slope of the Bering Sea. Science, 153, 992–994.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarzhans, W., & Aguilera, O. (2013). Otoliths of the Myctophidae from the Neogene of tropical America. Palaeo Ichthyologica, 13, 83–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Símonarson, L. A., & Eiríksson, J. (2008). Tjörnes – Pliocene and Pleistocene sediments and faunas. Jökull, 58, 331–342.

    Google Scholar 

  • Símonarson, L. A., & Eiríksson, J. (2020a). Systematic overview of the Pliocene Molluscs and Barnacles of the Barmur Group, on Tjörnes, North Iceland. In J. Eiríksson & L. A. Símonarson (Eds.), Pacific – Atlantic mollusc migration. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. This volume, Chapter 7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Símonarson, L. A., & Eiríksson, J. (2020b). Systematic overview of the Molluscs and barnacles of the Quaternary Breiðavík Group on Tjörnes, North Iceland. In J. Eiríksson & L. A. Símonarson (Eds.), Pacific – Atlantic mollusc migration. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. This volume, Chapter 11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Símonarson, L. A., Knudsen, K. L., & Eiríksson, J. (2020). Reconstructing the Paleoenvironments of the Pliocene Barmur Group in the Tjörnes Basin, North Iceland. In J. Eiríksson & L. A. Símonarson (Eds.), Pacific – Atlantic mollusc migration. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. This volume, Chapter 9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Símonarson, L. A., Petersen, K. S., & Funder, S. (1998). Molluscan palaeontology of the Pliocene-Pleistocene Kap København formation, North Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland, Geoscience, 36, 1–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, G. G. (1947). Holarctic mammalian faunas and continental relationships during the Cenozoic. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 58, 613–688.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snel, E., Mărunțeanu, M., Macaleț, R., Meulenkamp, J. E., & van Vugt, N. (2006). Late Miocene to Early Pliocene chronostratigraphic framework for the Dacic Basin, Romania. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 238, 107–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sorgenfrei, T. (1958). Molluscan assemblages from the marine Middle Miocene of South Jutland and their environments. Geological Survey of Denmark. 2. Series, 1–2(79), 1–503.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stefánsson, U. (1962). North Icelandic waters. Rit Fiskideildar, 3, 1–269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strauch, F. (1972a). Phylogenese, Adaptation und Migration einiger nordischer mariner Molluskengenera (Neptunea, Panomya, Cyrtodaria und Mya). Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 531, 1–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strauch, F. (1972b). Zum Klima des nordatlantisch-skandischen Raumes im jüngeren Känozoikum. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft, 123, 163–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verhoeven, K., Louwye, S., Eiríksson, J., & De Schepper, S. (2011). A new age model for the Pliocene-Pleistocene Tjörnes section on Iceland: Its implication for the timing of North Atlantic-Pacific palaeoceanographic pathways. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 309, 33–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vilhjálmsson, M. (1985). The Lower Pleistocene mollusc fauna of the Breidavík Beds, Tjörnes, North Iceland. Cand. scient. thesis. University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, p. 207

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, C., Xie, S.-P., & Carton, J. A. (2004). A global survey of ocean-atmosphere interaction and climate variability. Geophysical Monograph Series, 147, 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weyl, P. K. (1968). The role of the oceans in climatic change: A theory of the ice ages. Meteorological Monographs, 8(30), 37–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, S. V. (1857). A monograph of the Crag Mollusca with description of shells from the Upper Tertiaries of the British Isles 2. Bivalves. Monographs of the Paleontographical Society Volume 9(33), 217–342.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodgate, R. (2013). Arctic Ocean circulation: Going around at the top of the world. Nature Education Knowledge, 4(8), 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodring, W. P. (1966). The Panama Land Bridge as a sea barrier. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 110(6), 425–433.

    Google Scholar 

  • Worthington, L. W. (1970). The Norwegian Sea as a Mediterranean basin. Deep-Sea Research, 17, 77–84.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland

    Leifur A. Símonarson & Jón Eiríksson

Authors
  1. Leifur A. Símonarson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jón Eiríksson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Leifur A. Símonarson .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Iceland, Institute of Earth Sciences, Reykjavík, Iceland

    Jón Eiríksson

  2. University of Iceland, Institute of Earth Sciences, Reykjavík, Iceland

    Leifur A. Símonarson

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Símonarson, L.A., Eiríksson, J. (2021). Migration of Pacific Marine Mollusc Fauna into the North Atlantic Across the Arctic Ocean in Pliocene and Early Pleistocene Time. In: Eiríksson, J., Símonarson, L.A. (eds) Pacific - Atlantic Mollusc Migration . Topics in Geobiology, vol 52. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59663-7_14

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation