Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Medicinal Plants and Herbal Drugs: An Overview

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

Abstract

Medicinal plants, which represent one of the greatest assets of ecosystem, have found their utilization in human life and healthcare system since early days of mankind and have still maintained their importance in modern times by virtue of maintaining their basic therapeutic curative role. Numerically constituting a large group of world flora, medicinal plants form the source for large variety of herbal drugs used for medicinal purposes. Cultivation of medicinal plants being a promising alternative to wild collection enables not only conservation of natural genetic variability and survival of critically endangered, vulnerable, endangered, endemic and rare species but also symbolizes a potent economy branch for pharmaceutical industry as source of their quality raw material. Medicinal plants owe their curative value to naturally occurring biologically active ingredients in them, i.e. the primary and secondary metabolites which obtained either in pure or combined form with other molecules form a pivotal source of drug lead compounds. Growth and development of medicinal plants and medicinally active chemical metabolites found in them are influenced by the abiotic factors and biotic factors. The resurgence in recognizing medicinal plants as a source of drugs and other products is mainly due to their effectiveness, with no to little side effects associated with their application and as an alternate to high-cost synthetic drugs. Though herbal medicine has become more mainstream world over during the last few decades, their safety, quality and effectiveness still remain a key issue. The renewed interest in medicinal plants expanded their market demand which however coupled with their already rather limited availability and potential overharvesting have brought about alarming biodiversity problems sounding the need to evaluate and conserve our old prized natural germplasm.

This chapter deals with stocking of knowledge regarding use of medicinal plants, their correct identification, their chemical constitution, factors involved in their quality production and also that of naturally occurring bioactive principles, as well concerns with regard to their quality and control parameters thereof. The chapter also gives insight into their conservation aspect especially from the viewpoint of sustainability as they represent the substantial proportion of the global drug market.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adekunle AS, Adekunle OC (2009) Preliminary assessment of antimicrobial properties of aqueous extract of plants against infectious diseases. Biol Med 1:20–24

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aniszewski T (2007) Alkaloids-secrets of life alkaloid chemistry, biological significance, applications and ecological role. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 1–316

    Google Scholar 

  • Balandrin MF, Kinghorn AD and Farnsworth NR (1993) Plant-derived natural products in drug discovery and development: an overview human medicinal agents from plants. In: Kinghorn AD, Balandrin MF (eds) American chemical society symposium. Washington, DC, 534:2–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Baricevic D, Ratajc P, Zupan M, Turk B, Vres B, Seliskar A, Seliskar T (2012) Conservation and evaluation of genetic resources of medicinal plants. Acta Agric Slov 99:363–371

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett BC, Balick MJ (2008) Phytomedicine 101: plant taxonomy for preclinical and clinical medicinal plant researchers. J Soc Integr Oncol 6:150–160

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bruneton J (1999) Pharmacognosy phytochemistry medicinal plants, 2nd edn. Lavoisier, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Canter PH, Thomas H, Ernst E (2005) Bringing medicinal plants into cultivation: opportunities and challenges for biotechnology. Trends Biotechnol 23:180–185

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chan K (2002) Understanding the toxicity of Chinese Herbal Medicinal products. In: Chan K, Lee H (eds) The way forward for Chinese medicines. Taylor & Francis, London

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Chatterjee SK (1996) Cultivation of phytochemical plants for use in phytochemicalIndustries In: Pakrashi SC, Mukherjee RN, Mukhopodhaya S, Bhavan MM (eds) Medicinal Plants, Herbal Drugs and Rural Health. Calcutta, India 112–127

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen JJ, Fang HY, Duh CY, Chen IS (2005) New indolopyridoquinazoline, benzophenanthridines and cytotoxic constituents from Zanthoxylum integrifolium. Planta Med 71:470–475

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cook NS, Samman S (1996) Flavonoids – chemistry, metabolism, cardioprotective effect and dietary sources. J Nutr Biochem 7:66–76

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daniel M (2006) Medicinal plants: chemistry and properties. IBH Publishing, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewick PM (2002) Medicinal natural products. Wiley, West Sussex

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon R, Ferreira D (2002) Molecules of interest: genistein. Phytochemistry 60:205–211

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon RA, Sumner LW (2003) Legume natural products: understanding and manipulating complex pathways for human and animal health. Plant Physiol 131:878

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Doughari JH, Human IS, Bennade S, Ndakidemi PA (2009) Phytochemicals as chemotherapeutic agents and antioxidants: possible solution to the control of antibiotic resistant verocytotoxin producing bacteria. J Med Plant Res 3:839–848

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edeoga HO, Okwu DE, Mbaebie BO (2005) Phytochemical constituents of some Nigerian medicinal plants. Afr J Biotechnol 4:685–688

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edeoga HO, Omosun G, Uche LC (2006) Chemical composition of Hyptis suaveolens and Ocimum gratissimum hybrids from Nigeria. Afr J Biotechnol 5:892–895

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erdemgil FZ, Telezhenetskaya MV, Baser KHC, Kirimer N (2000) Alkaloids of Thalictrum orientale growing in Turkey. Chem Nat Compd 36:223–224

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farnsworth NR, Soejarto DD (1997) Global importance of medicinal plants. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Fennell CW, Lindsey KL, McGaw LJ, Sparg SG, Stafford GI, Elgorashi EE, Grace OM, Van Staden JJ (2004) Assessing African medicinal plants for efficacy and safety: pharmacological screening and toxicology. Ethnopharmacology 94:205–217

    Google Scholar 

  • Firn R (2010) Nature’s chemicals. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 74–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Forgo P, Hohmann J (2005) Leucoverine and acetyllycovernine, alkaloids from Leucojum vernum. J Nat Prod 68:1588–1591

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frederich M, Tits M, Golffin E, Philippe G, Grellier P, Mol PD, Hayette MP, Angenot L (2004) In vitro and in vivo antimalarial properties of isostrychnopentamine, an indolomonoterpenic alkaloid from Strychnos usambarensis. Planta Med 70:520–525

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gepts P (2006) Plant genetic resources conservation and utilization: the accomplishments and future of a societal insurance policy. Crop Sci 46:2278–2292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldman P (2001) Herbal medicines today and the roots of modern pharmacology. Ann Intern Med 135:594–600

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graham LE, Graham JM, Wilcox LW (2006) Plant biology. Pearson/Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, p 670

    Google Scholar 

  • Haberer W, Witte L, Hartman T, Dobler S (2002) Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Pulmonaria obscura. Planta Med 68:480–482

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hachfeld B, Schippmann U (2000) Conservation data sheet 2: exploitation, trade and population status of Harpagophytum procumbens in Southern Africa. Med Plant Conserv 6:4–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Hegenauer R (1986) Phytochemistry and plant taxonomy, an essay on the chemotaxonomy of higher plants. Phytochemistry 25:1519–1535

    Google Scholar 

  • Hegnauer R (1963) The taxonomic significance of alkaloids. In: Swain T (ed) Chemical plant taxonomy. Academic Press, London/New York, pp 389–427

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Herrera MR, Machocho AK, Brun R, Viladomat F, Codina C, Bastida J (2001) Crinane and lycorane type alkaloids from Zephyranthes citrina. Planta Med 67:191–193

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Innerhofer S, Bernhardt KG (2011) Ethnobotanic garden design in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Biodivers Conserv 20:429–439

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson JM, Feinman L, Liebes L, Ostrow N, Koslowski V (2001) Pharmacokinetics, safety, and antiviral effects of hypericin, a derivative of St. John’s Wort plant, in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45:517–524

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Janses BJM, de Groot A (2004) Occurrence, biological activity and synthesis of Drimane Sesquiterpenoids. Nat Prod Rep 21:449–477

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang Y, Li H, Cai P, Ye W (2005) Steroidal alkaloids from the bulbs of Fritollaria puqiensis. J Nat Prod 68:264–267

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johns T, Eyzaguirre PB (2000) Nutrition for sustainable environments. SCN News 21:24–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Kasper S (2001) Hypericum perforatum - a review of clinical studies. Pharmacopsychiatry 34:51–55

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khamidov II, Aripova SF, Karimov AK (2003) Berberis alkaloids. XLI. Alkaloids from leaves ofcultivated Berberis oblonga. Chem Nat Compd 39:407

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lamartinier CA (2000) Protection against breast cancer with genistein: a component of soy. Am J Clin Nutr 71:1705S–1707S

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lange D (1998) Europe’s medicinal and aromatic plants: their use, trade and conservation’. TRAFFIC Europe International, Cambridge, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Lansiaux A, Bailly C, Houssier C, Colson P, de Pauw-Gillet M-C, Frederich M, Tits M, Angenot L (2002) Apoptosis of H-60 leukemia cells induced by the bisindole alkaloids sungucine and isosungucine from Strychos icaja. Planta Med 68:591–595

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu RH (2004) Potential synergy of phytochemicals in cancer prevention: mechanism of action. J Nutr 134:3479S–3485S

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Long CL, Li H, Ouyang ZQ, Yang XY, Li Q, Trangmar B (2003) Strategies for agrobiodiversity conservation and promotion: a case from Yunnan, China. Biodivers Conserv 12:1145–1156

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macabeo AP, Krohn K, Gehle D, Read RW, Brophy JJ, Cordell GA, Franzblau SG, Aguinaldo AM (2005) Indole alkaloids from the leaves of Philippine Alstonia scholaris. Phytochemistry 66:1158–1162

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maurya R, Singh G, Yadav PP (2008) Antiosteoporotic agents from natural sources. In: Atta-ur-Rahman (ed) Studies in natural products chemistry, vol 35. Elsevier, Burlington, pp 517–545

    Google Scholar 

  • McKenzie M, Kirakosyan A, Kaufman PB (2009) Risks associated with overcollection of medicinal plants in natural habitats. In: Kirakosyan A, Kaufman PB (eds) Recent advances in plant biotechnology. Springer, New York, pp 363–387

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Minelli A (1993) Biological systematics: the state of the art. Chapman & Hall, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Miththapala S (2006) Conserving medicinal species: securing a healthy future. IUCN, Ecosystems and Livelihoods Group, Colombo

    Google Scholar 

  • Mothes K, Schutte HR, Luckner M (1985) Biochemistry of alkaloids, vol 18. VEB Berlin, p 107

    Google Scholar 

  • Mulliken TA (2000) Implementing CITES for Himalayan medicinal plants Nardostachys grandiflora and Picrorhiza kurrooa. Traffic Bull 18:63–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Mustafa NR, Verpoorte R (2005) Chorismate derived C6C1 compounds in plants. Planta 222:1–5

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naikoo MI, Dar MI, Raghib F, Jaleel H, Ahmad B, Raina A, Khan FA, Naushin F (2019) Role and regulation of plants phenolics in abiotic stress tolerance: an overview. In: Khan MIR, Reddy PS, Ferrante A, Khan NA (eds) Plant signaling molecules. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge pp 157–168

    Google Scholar 

  • Nazrullaev SS, Bessonova IA, Akhmedkhodzhaeva KS (2001) Estrogenic activity as a function of chemical structure in Haplophyllum quinoline alkaloids. Chem Nat Compd 37:551–555

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oksman-Caldentey KM (2007) Tropane and nicotine alkaloid biosynthesis-novel approaches towards biotechnological production of plant-derived pharmaceuticals. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 8:203–210

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Okwu DE (2004) Phytochemicals and vitamin content of indigenous spices of South Eastern Nigeria. J Sustain Agric Environ 6:30–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Okwu DE, Ekeke O (2003) Phytochemical screening and mineral composition of chewing sticks in south eastern Nigeria. Global J Pure Appl Sci 9(2):235–238

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okwu DE, Okwu ME (2004) Chemical composition of Spondias mombin Linn plant parts. J Sustain Agric Environ 6:140–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Okwu DE, Omodamiro OD (2005) Effects of hexane extract and phytochemical content of Xylopia acthiopica and Ocimum gratissimum on the uterus of Guinea pig. Bio-Research 3:40–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Oudin A, Courtois M, Rideau M, Clastre M (2007) The iridoid pathway in Catharanthus roseus alkaloid biosynthesis. Phytochem Rev 6:259–276

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pelser PB, de Vos H, Theuring C, Beuerle T, Vrieling K, Hartmann T (2005) Frequent gain and loss of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the evolution of Senecio section Jacobaea (Asteraceae). Phytochemistry 66:1285–1295

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Przybylak JK, Ciesiolka D, Wysocka W, Garcia-Lopez PM, Ruiz-Lopez MA, Wysocki W, Gulewicz K (2005) Alkaloid profiles of Mexican wild lupin and an effect of alkaloid preparation from Lupinus exaltatus seeds on growth and yield of paprika (Capsicum annuum L.). Ind Crop Prod 21:1–7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pulliam HR (2003) On the relationship between niche and distribution. Ecol Lett 3:349–361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Puupponen-Pimia R, Nohynek L, Alakomi H, Oksman-Caldentey K (2008) The action of berry phenolics against human intestinal pathogens. Biofactors 23:243–251

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramawat KG (2007) Secondary metabolites in nature. In: Ramawat KG, Merillon JM (eds) Biotechnology: secondary metabolites. Science Publishers, Enfield, p 21

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ramawat KG, Sonie KC, Sharma MC (2004) Therapeutic potential of medicinal plants: an introduction. In: Ramawat KG (ed) Biotechnology of medicinal plants: Vitalizer and therapeutic. Science Publishers, Enfield, p 1

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Rates SMK (2001) Plants as source of drugs. Toxicon 39:603–613

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rizvi SA, Neidt EM, Cui J, Feiger Z, Skau CT, Gardel ML, Kozmin SA, Kovar DR (2009) Identification and characterization of a small molecule inhibitor of form in mediated actin assembly. Chem Biol 16(11):1158–1168

    Google Scholar 

  • Robbins WW, Weier TE, Stocking CR (1957) Botany: an introduction to plant science, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York, p 578

    Google Scholar 

  • Saganuwan A (2010) Some medicinal plants of Arabian peninsula. J Med Plant Res 4:767–789

    Google Scholar 

  • Salako VK, Fandohan B, Kassa B, Assogbadjo AE, Idohou AFR, Gbedomon RC, Chakeredza S, Dulloo ME, Kakaı RG (2014) Home gardens: an assessment of their biodiversity and potential contribution to conservation of threatened species and crop wild relatives in Benin. Genet Resour Crop Evol 61:313–330

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salimov BT (2001) Delcorinine, a new alkaloid from Delphinium corymbosum. Chem Nat Compd 37:272–273

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarker SD, Nahar L (2007) Chemistry for pharmacy students general, organic and natural product chemist. Wiley Chichester, UK, pp 283–359

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz A, Felippe EC, Bernardi MM, Spinosa HS (2005) Impaired female sexual behavior of rat offspring exposed to Solanum lycocarpum unripe fruits during gestation and lactation: lack of hormonal and fertility alterations. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 81:928–934

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shengji P (2001) Ethnobotanical approaches of traditional medicine studies: some experiences from Asia. Pharm Boil 39:74–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Shimmer O, Haefele F, Kruger A (1998) High resolution transmission electron microscopy studies of metal/ceramics interfaces. Mutat Res 206:201–208

    Google Scholar 

  • Siciliano T, De Leo M, Bader A, De Tommasi N, Vrieling K, Braca A, Morelli I (2005) Pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Anchusa strigosa and their antifeedant activity. Phytochemistry 66:1593–1600

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simon JE (1999) Domestication and production considerations in quality control of Botanicals. In: Eskinazi D, Blumenthal M, Farnsworth N, Riggins CW (eds) Botanical Medicine. Efficacy, Quality Assurance, and Regulation. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. Larchmont, NY, pp 133–137

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh G (2004) Plant systematics. An integrated approach. Science Publishers, Enfield-Plymouth

    Google Scholar 

  • Smolinski MS, Hamburg MA, Lederberg J (eds) (2003) Microbial threats to health: emergence, detection, and response. National Academies Press, Washington, DC, pp 203–210

    Google Scholar 

  • Sofowara A (1993) Medicinal plants and traditional medicine in Africa. Spectrum Books Ltd., Ibadan, p 289

    Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava S, Singh MM, Kulshreshtha DK (2001) A new alkaloid and other anti-implantation principles from Tabernaemontana heyneana. Planta Med 67:577–557

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sultankhodzaev MN, Tashkhodzhaev B, Averkiev BB, Antipin MY (2002) Secokaraconitine, a new diterpenoid alkaloid from Aconitum karacolicum. Chem Nat Compd 38:78–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swarts ND, Dixon KW (2009) Terrestrial orchid conservation in the age of extinction. Ann Bot 104:543–556

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Switzer H, Karki M, Vedavathy B (2003) Commercialization of natural resources for sustainable livelihoods: the case of forest products. In: ICIMOD (ed) Growth, poverty alleviation and sustainable management in the Mountain Areas of South Asia. ICIMOD, Kathmandu, pp 293–320

    Google Scholar 

  • Terpo A (1992) Taxonomy of medicinal plants. In: Hornok L (ed) Cultivation and processing of medicinal plants. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, pp 42–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Uesugi T, Toda T, Tsuji K, Ishida H (2001) Comparative study on reduction of bone loss and lipid metabolism abnormality in ovariectomized rats by soy isoflavones, daidzin, genistin, and glycitin. Biol Pharm Bull 24:368–372

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uruquiaga I, Leighton F (2000) Plant polyphenol antioxidants and oxidative stress. Biol Res 33:159–165

    Google Scholar 

  • Vagujfalvi D (1992) Active substances in medicinal plants. In: Hornok L (ed) Cultivation and processing of medicinal plants. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, pp 19–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Venugopala KN, Rashmi V, Odhav B (2013) Review on natural coumarin lead compounds for their pharmacological activity. Biomed Res Int 2013:1–14

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WHO (1999) WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants, Vol I–IV, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO (2013) The WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2014–2023. WHO, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • Wink M (2000) Biochemistry of plant secondary metabolism: annual plant review, vol 2. Academic, Sheffield, p 151

    Google Scholar 

  • WWF & IUCN (1997) Centers of plant diversity: a guide and strategy for their conservation. IUCN Publications Unit, Cambridge, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Yadav NP, Dixit VK (2008) Recent approaches in herbal drug standardization. Int J Integr Biol 2:195–203

    Google Scholar 

  • Zlobin YA (2012) Rare plant species: floristic, phytocenotic and population approaches. Biol Bull Rev 2:226–237

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India

    Burhan Ahad, Waseem Shahri, Humeera Rasool & Z. A. Reshi

  2. Division of Veterinary Microbiology & Immunology, SKUAST-Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India

    Sumaiyah Rasool

  3. Division of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, SKUAST-Shuhama, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India

    Tufail Hussain

Authors
  1. Burhan Ahad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Waseem Shahri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Humeera Rasool
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Z. A. Reshi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Sumaiyah Rasool
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Tufail Hussain
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

    Tariq Aftab

  2. Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Khalid Rehman Hakeem

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Ahad, B., Shahri, W., Rasool, H., Reshi, Z.A., Rasool, S., Hussain, T. (2021). Medicinal Plants and Herbal Drugs: An Overview. In: Aftab, T., Hakeem, K.R. (eds) Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58975-2_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation