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Renal Transplantation: Non-infectious Complications and Long-Term Outcome

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Pediatric Nephrology

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Abstract

Kidney transplantation is the best option for renal replacement therapy in nearly all children, but it comes with short- and long-term complications. Noninfectious transplant-related comorbidities largely originate from the specific side effects of immunosuppressive therapy and chronic kidney disease (CKD)-related problems caused by impaired graft function. Recurrent cramps from hypomagnesemia, hypertension, anemia, persistent growth retardation, tremors, cosmetic changes, and gastrointestinal problems are among the most common short-term side effects. Urological problems often occur and may severely impact graft survival. Calcineurin inhibitors-induced posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) are rare, but may cause severe short-term complications. Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is more prevalent in pediatric than in adult graft recipients. Post-transplant diabetes and dyslipidemia are less prevalent than in adults. Quality of life improves after transplantation coming from chronic dialysis treatment, according to most, but not all reports. Cognitive dysfunction is a common feature and may have an important impact on the quality of life.

Late complications into adulthood include a high risk for malignancies, especially for severe forms of squamous cell skin carcinoma. Additionally, cardiovascular disease, chronic joint pain and motor disabilities, and chronic fatigue. Cognitive impairment and delayed autonomy are associated social problems concerning sexual relationships, obtaining a paid profession, and starting a family. Despite these problems, long-term survivors of kidney transplantation consider their quality of life on average as good, especially with respect to mental domains.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Christina Nguyen

  2. Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Emma Childrens’ Hospital, Amsterdam UMC/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Jaap Groothoff

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  1. Christina Nguyen
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  2. Jaap Groothoff
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Correspondence to Jaap Groothoff .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatric Specialties, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital – IRCCS, Rome, Italy

    Francesco Emma

  2. Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Stuart L. Goldstein

  3. Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India

    Arvind Bagga

  4. Division of Pediatric Nephrology, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Carlton M. Bates

  5. Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Foundation Trust and University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK

    Rukshana Shroff

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Nguyen, C., Groothoff, J. (2022). Renal Transplantation: Non-infectious Complications and Long-Term Outcome. In: Emma, F., Goldstein, S.L., Bagga, A., Bates, C.M., Shroff, R. (eds) Pediatric Nephrology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52719-8_138

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