Skip to main content

Peer Support to Prevent and Manage Diabetes in Underserved Communities

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Social Inclusion

Abstract

Lifestyle and self-management programs for diabetes prevention and management have been found to be effective when participants engage with such programs. Unfortunately, underserved communities are often not reached by such programs. This chapter explores barriers to program reach in underserved communities and examines how peer support programs can be more effective than health professional-delivered approaches to better reach and engage with underserved communities, ultimately leading to greater health benefits. The current evidence supporting peer support programs as a more effective way of reaching and engaging with underserved communities and improving health and social outcomes for individuals in these communities is summarized, followed by a discussion of different settings and models of peer support, as well as peer supporter characteristics and training. Suggestions for future work to address the gaps in what authors know about peer support settings, models, and who should deliver peer support are incorporated.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abouzeid, M., Philpot, B., Janus, E. D., et al. (2013). Type 2 diabetes prevalence varies by socio-economic status within and between migrant groups: Analysis and implications for Australia. BMC Public Health, 13, 252. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-252.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Aro, A. R., Smith, J., & Dekker, J. (2008). Contextual evidence in clinical medicine and health promotion. European Journal of Public Health, 18(6), 548–549. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckn082.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aujla, N., Yates, T., Dallosso, H., & Kai, J. (2019). Users’ experiences of a pragmatic diabetes prevention intervention implemented in primary care: Qualitative study. BMJ Open, 9(8), e028491. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028491.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • AuYoung, M., Moin, T., Richardson, C. R., & Damschroder, L. J. (2019). The Diabetes Prevention Program for underserved populations: A brief review of strategies in the real world. Diabetes Spectrum, 32(4), 312–317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ayala, G. X., Ibarra, L., Cherrington, A. L., et al. (2013). Puentes hacia una mejor vida (Bridges to a Better Life): Outcome of a diabetes control peer support intervention. Annals of Family Medicine, 13(S1), S9–S17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bilu, Y., Witztum, E., & van der Hart, O. (1990). Paradise regained: “Miraculous healing” in an Israeli psychiatric clinic. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 14(1), 105–127.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, H. S., III, Wilson, K. J., Pagán, J. A., Arcari, C. M., Martinez, M., Smith, K., & Reininger, B. (2012). Cost-effectiveness analysis of a community health worker intervention for low-income Hispanic adults with diabetes. Preventing Chronic Disease, 9, E140. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd9.120074.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Brownson, C. A., Hoerger, T. J., Fisher, E. B., & Kilpatrick, K. E. (2009). Cost-effectiveness of diabetes self-management programs in community primary care settings. The Diabetes Educator, 35(5), 761–769.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chauhan, A., Walton, M., Manias, E., et al. (2020). The safety of health care for ethnic minority patients: A systematic review. International Journal for Equity in Health, 19, 118. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-020-01223-2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Deshpande, A. D., Harris-Hayes, M., & Schootman, M. (2008). Epidemiology of diabetes and diabetes-related complications. Physical Therapy, 88(11), 1254–1264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7(2), 117–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, E. B., La Greca, A. M., Greco, P., et al. (1997). Directive and nondirective social support in diabetes management. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4, 131–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, E. B., Brownson, C. A., O’Toole, M. L., Anwuri, V. V., & Shetty, G. (2007). Perspectives on self-management from the Diabetes Initiative of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. The Diabetes Educator, 33(S6), 216S–224S.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, E. B., Boothroyd, R. I., Coufal, M. M., Baumann, L. C., Mbanya, J. C., Rotheram-Borus, M. J., Sanguanprasit, B., & Tanasugarn, C. (2012). Peer support for self-management of diabetes improved outcomes in international settings. Health Affairs, 31(1), 130–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, E. B., Coufal, M. M., Parada, H., Robinette, J. B., Tang, P. Y., Urlaub, D. M., Castillo, C., Guzman-Corrales, L. M., Hino, S., Hunter, J., Katz, A. W., Symes, Y. R., Worley, H. P., & Xu, C. (2014). Peer support in health care and prevention: Cultural, organizational, and dissemination issues. Annual Review of Public Health, 35, 363–383. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182450.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, E. B., Ayala, G. X., Ibarra, L., Cherrington, A. L., Elder, J. P., Tang, T. S., Heisler, M., Safford, M. M., Simmons, D., & Peers for Progress Investigator Group. (2015). Contributions of peer support to health, health care, and prevention: Papers from peers for progress. Annals of Family Medicine, 13(S1), S2–S8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, E. B., Boothroyd, R. I., Elstad, E. A., Hays, L., Henes, A., Maslow, G. R., & Velicer, C. (2017). Peer support of complex health behaviors in prevention and disease management with special reference to diabetes: Systematic reviews. Clinical Diabetes and Endocrinology, 3, 4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, E. B., Tang, P. Y., Evans, M., Bhushan, N., Graham, M. A., Dreyer Valovcin, D., & Castellano, C. (2020). The fundamental value of presence in peer and mutual support: Observations from telephone support for high risk groups. Global Journal of Community Psychology Practice, 11(3), 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fottrell, E., Ahmed, N., Morrison, J., Kuddus, A., Shaha, S. K., King, C., Jennings, H., Akter, K., Nahar, T., Haghparast-Bidgoli, H., Khan, A. K. A., Costello, A., & Azad, K. (2019). Community groups or mobile phone messaging to prevent and control type 2 diabetes and intermediate hyperglycaemia in Bangladesh (DMagic): A cluster-randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology, 7(3), 200–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Funnell, M. M. (2010). Peer-based behavioural strategies to improve chronic disease self-management and clinical outcomes: Evidence, logistics, evaluation considerations and needs for future research. Family Practice, 27(S1), i17–i22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, J., Springett, J., Croot, L., et al. (2015). Can community-based peer support promote health literacy and reduce inequalities? A realist review (Public health research no. 3.3). Southampton: NIHR Journals Library. https://doi.org/10.3310/phr03030. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK274412/

  • Heisler, M. (2007). Overview of peer support models to improve diabetes self-management and clinical outcomes. Diabetes Spectrum, 20(4), 214–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heisler, M., Vijan, S., Makki, F., & Piette, J. D. (2010). Diabetes control with reciprocal peer support versus nurse care management: A randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 153(8), 507–515.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heisler, M., Choi, H., Mase, R., Long, J. A., & Reeves, P. J. (2019). Effectiveness of technologically enhanced peer support in improving glycemic management among predominantly African American, low-income adults with diabetes. The Diabetes Educator, 45(3), 260–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, X. L., Pan, J. H., Chen, D., Chen, J., Chen, F., & Hu, T. T. (2016). Efficacy of lifestyle interventions in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 27, 37–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, C. W., Grant, J. S., & Appel, S. J. (2011). An integrative review of community health advisors in type 2 diabetes. Journal of Community Health, 36(5), 883–893.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • International Diabetes Federation. (2019). IDF Diabetes Atlas, 9th edn. https://www.idf.org/aboutdiabetes/what-is-diabetes/facts-figures.html

  • Liamputtong, P. (Ed.). (2019). Social determinants of health. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ndwiga, D. W., Macmillan, F., McBride, K. A., Thompson, R., Reath, J., Alofivae-Doorbinia, O., Abbott, P., McCafferty, C., Aghajani, M., Rush, E., & Simmons, D. (2020). Outcomes of a church-based lifestyle intervention among Australian Samoan in Sydney–Le Taeao Afua diabetes prevention program. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108000.

  • Patil, S. J., Ruppar, T., Koopman, R. J., Lindbloom, E. J., Elliott, S. G., Mehr, D. R., & Conn, V. S. (2016). Peer support interventions for adults with diabetes: A meta-analysis of hemoglobin A1c outcomes. Annals of Family Medicine, 14(6), 540–551.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patil, S. J., Ruppar, T., Koopman, R. J., Lindbloom, E. J., Elliott, S. G., Mehr, D. R., & Conn, V. S. (2018). Effect of peer support interventions on cardiovascular disease risk factors in adults with diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC public health, 18(1), 398.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Penn, L., Rodrigues, A., Haste, A., et al. (2018). NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme in England: Formative evaluation of the programme in early phase implementation. BMJ Open, 8, e019467. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019467.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Penney, D. (2018). Defining “peer support”: Implications for policy, practice and research. Advocates for Human Potential. https://www.ahpnet.com/AHPNet/media/AHPNetMediaLibrary/White%20Papers/DPenney_Defining_peer_support_2018_Final.pdf

  • Pienaar, M., & Reid, M. (2020). Self-management in face-to-face peer support for adults with type 2 diabetes living in low- or middle-income countries: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1834.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reissman, F. (1965). The helper therapy principle. Social Work, 10(2), 27–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, C. E., & Sprangers, M. A. G. (1999). Methodological approaches for assessing response shift in longitudinal quality of life research. Social Science and Medicine, 48(11), 1531–1548.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simmons, D. (2013). Peer support: Time to tap the (largely) untapped. Practical Diabetes, 30(6), 246–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simmons, D., Bunn, C., Cohn, S., & Graffy, J. (2013). What is the idea behind peer-to-peer support in diabetes? Diabetes Management, 3(1), 61–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simmons, D., Bunn, C., Nakwagala, F., Safford, M. M., Ayala, G. X., Riddell, M., Graffy, J., & Fisher, E. B. (2015a). Challenges in the ethical review of peer support interventions. Annals of Family Medicine, 13(S1), S79–S86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simmons, D., Prevost, A. T., Bunn, C., Holman, D., Parker, R. A., Cohn, S., Donald, S., Paddison, C. A., Ward, C., Robins, P., & Graffy, J. (2015b). Impact of community based peer support in type 2 diabetes: A cluster randomised controlled trial of individual and/or group approaches. PLoS One, 10(3), e0120277. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0120277.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spanakis, E. K., & Golden, S. H. (2013). Race/ethnic difference in diabetes and diabetic complications. Current Diabetes Reports, 13(6), 814–823.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sprangers, M. A. G., & Schwartz, C. E. (1999). Integrating response shift into quality of life research: A theoretical model. Social Science and Medicine, 48(11), 1507–1515.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tabish, S. A. (2007). Is diabetes becoming the biggest epidemic of the twenty-first century? International Journal of Health Sciences, 1(2), V–VIII.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, T. S., Ayala, G. X., Cherrington, A., & Rana, G. (2011). A review of volunteer-based peer support interventions in diabetes. Diabetes Spectrum, 24(2), 85–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, T. S., Funnell, M., Sinco, B., et al. (2014). Comparative effectiveness of peer leaders and community health workers in diabetes self-management support: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care, 37(6), 1525–1534.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thom, D. H., Ghorob, A., Hessler, D., De Vore, D., Chen, E., & Bodenheimer, T. A. (2013). Impact of peer health coaching on glycemic control in low-income patients with diabetes: A randomized controlled trial. Annals of Family Medicine, 11(2), 137–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Werfalli, M., Raubenheimer, P. J., Engel, M., et al. (2020). The effectiveness of peer and community health worker-led self-management support programs for improving diabetes health-related outcomes in adults in low- and-middle-income countries: A systematic review. Systematic Reviews, 9, 133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WHO. (2008). World Health Report 2007: Peer support programs in diabetes. Geneva: WHO. https://www.who.int/diabetes/publications/Diabetes_final_13_6.pdf

  • Williams, R., Karuranga, S., Malanda, B., Saeedi, P., Basit, A., Besançon, S., Bommer, C., Esteghamati, A., Ogurtsova, K., Zhang, P., & Colagiuri, S. (2020). Global and regional estimates and projections of diabetes-related health expenditure: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9th edition. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 162, 108072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108072.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wingate, L., Graffy, J., Holman, D., & Simmons, D. (2017). Can peer support be cost saving? An economic evaluation of RAPSID: A randomised controlled trial of peer support in diabetes compared to usual care alone in East of England communities. BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care, 5(1), e000328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yin, J., et al. (2015). Effects of providing peer support on diabetes management in people with type 2 diabetes. Annals of Family Medicine, 13(1), S42–S49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, D., Graffy, J., Holman, D., Robins, P., Cai, Y., Zhao, Z., & Simmons, D. (2018). Impact of peer support on inpatient and outpatient payments among people with type 2 diabetes: A prospective cohort study. Diabetic Medicine, 35, 789–797.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yuen, A., Sugeng, Y., Weiland, T. J., & Jelinek, G. A. (2010). Lifestyle and medication interventions for the prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus in prediabetes: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 34(2), 172–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Freya MacMillan .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

MacMillan, F., McBride, K.A., Heisler, M., Simmons, D. (2021). Peer Support to Prevent and Manage Diabetes in Underserved Communities. In: Liamputtong, P. (eds) Handbook of Social Inclusion. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48277-0_117-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48277-0_117-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-48277-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-48277-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics