Innovative Teaching and Learning Climates—Is Germany Indeed Ahead of India? How Do These Relate to Sustainable Thinking?

An innovative teaching and learning climate (ITLC) describes the positive attitudes of teachers and students towards developing and applying innovation, i.e., new ways of thinking and practices at their university. ITLC is assumed to positively affect many aspects of teaching and learning outcomes, e.g., sustainable thinking. Contrary to the hypothesis, the German university TU Braunschweig (N = 394) did not score higher in ITLC than BITS Pilani (N = 484). Sustainable thinking correlated with ITLC. This is the first study to provide insights into how ITLC relates to sustainable thinking. Thus, the results supplement existing research on sustainable thinking.


Introduction
Across the world, innovating and enabling sustainable development are constantly gaining importance. As "centers of knowledge generation and sharing" (Nejati et al. 2011) universities bear the responsibility for these societal tasks (Nejati et al. 2011). Their challenge is to prepare future specialists and executives all over the world. However, even universities themselves lack innovations (Blume et al. 2015;Wals and Jickling 2002) and the ability to enable sustainable development on campus (Velazquez et al. 2005).
One speaks of innovation when a group beneficially (Nonaka 1994) applies (O'Sullivan and Dooley 2008) an idea that is new to them (Rogers, 2010). In this research, innovation includes innovative teaching and learning, and sustainable development. A high innovative climate describes an environment that is particularly conducive to innovations: Individuals share ( Van der Vegt et al. 2005) positive attitudes (Alisch et al. 2013) towards new ideas and developments within their group (Van der Vegt et al. 2005). Mutual appreciation and intensive communication are characteristic (Stasewitsch and Kauffeld (in press)). A high innovative climate leads to innovative behavior (Yu et al. 2013) and therefore, to innovations (Scott and Bruce 1994). This connection was found for educational institutions as well (Sagnak 2012). We use the more university-specific term innovative teaching and learning climate (ITLC) in this research.
India has the third largest higher education system in the world (Gupta and Gupta 2012). However, its reputation for education and research is relatively poor across the globe (Sharma and Sharma 2015). Probably related to this is the low employability (Sharma and Sharma 2015). Practical methods (Aymans et al. 2017;Büth et al. 2017) like internships, career counselling, and international projects (Sharma and Sharma 2015) are rarely applied in India. Whereas in Germany, innovative teaching is widespread (Kauffeld and Othmer 2019). Therefore, we propose: • Hypothesis (H) 1.1 Didactic and technical innovations (mobile, individualized, research-orientated learning) are applied less frequently in Indian than in German universities. • H 1.2 Indian universities have a lower innovative climate than German universities.
The comparison of an Indian university, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India (BITS Pilani) with an German university, Technische Universität Braunschweig (TU Braunschweig) should identify factors inhibiting innovations on BITS Pilani campus. Building on this, we aim to provide recommendations to BITS Pilani for actions to improve the ITLC. This can contribute to replacing outdated teaching and learning methods with innovative ones.
Sustainable development defines the "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" (Brundtland et al. 1987, p. 37). It can be regarded as innovation even at German universities (Richter and Hunecke 2017) and as a fairly new concept in developed countries in general (Meadowcroft 2000). Consequently, sustainable thinking and acting can be understood as innovative behavior. That is why we assume that innovative climate can promote sustainable thinking. Our assumption is also supported by the fact that sustainable development at universities fails, among other things, due to a reluctance to change and poor communication (Velazquez et al. 2005). In a high ITLC, the opposite is the case; the members of the organization welcome new ideas (Scott and Bruce 1994) and have intensive relations in general (Moolenaar et al. 2011). That means ITLC tackles exactly the obstacles of sustainable development at universities.
At the moment, knowledge about sustainable development (Zsóka et al. 2013) and the status, i.e., the reputation of acting sustainably (Griskevicius et al. 2010) are considered to be the most important influencing factors on sustainable thinking and acting. This research aims to determine factors inhibiting and encouraging innovations at BITS Pilani. When purposefully increasing the ITLC, university members are more likely to generate innovations. This is shown by the innovation sustainable thinking. To classify the strength of the relation between ITLC and sustainable thinking, it is compared with that of known factors influencing sustainable thinking.

Method
BITS Pilani members, students and teachers took part in this research. For comparison, previously collected data (Stasewitsch and Kauffeld (in press)) from Germany (TU Braunschweig) were used. Table 22.1 shows the sample composition in terms of occupation, age, and gender.
For measuring the ITLC Inno-Teaching (or respectively, its original German version Inno-Lehre (Stasewitsch and Kauffeld (in press)) was applied. It contains twelve scales including three about didactic and technical innovations, namely Mobile, Individualized and Research-orientated Learning. Additionally, sustainable thinking (Biasutti and Frate 2017), knowledge about sustainable development (Azapagic et al. 2005), and the status of acting sustainably (Richins 1994) were measured (see Table 22.2).
otes n = number of participants, t = teachers, s = students, Ø = average age, SD = standard deviation

Innovative Teaching and Learning Climate at BITS Pilani
We rejected Hypotheses 1.1 and 1.2 as BITS Pilani (Sample 1) had higher values than TU Braunschweig (Sample 2) in the analyzed ITLC scales (see Table 22.3). Notes M = Mean score, SD = standard deviation. ITCL total is the sum of all 32 ITCL items (see Table 22.2)

Sustainable Thinking and Innovative Teaching and Learning Climate
The strength of an association can be estimated by Pearson's r (Cohen and Manion 1980). According to Hypothesis 2.1 and 2.3, sustainable thinking correlated significantly to a small extent with ITLC (r = .22, p = .00) and status of acting sustainably (r = .17, p = .01). However, sustainable thinking did not correlate with knowledge about sustainable development (r = −.02, p = .41).

Innovative Teaching and Learning Climate at BITS Pilani
Discussion. Contrary to expectations, BITS Pilani scored higher than TU Braunschweig, not only in the selected scales but also in Inno-Teaching as a whole. First of all, a problem that has occurred in the course of this research should be noted. The Hypotheses had been derived from differences between India and Germany, e.g. differences in the reputation in research and education (see 1). These were then only operationalized as BITS Pilani and TU Braunschweig, i.e., only tested at one university per country. This limits the generalizability of the results. The high score of BITS Pilani may have two causes which are both considered in this section. Either the ITLC at the TU Braunschweig is not more pronounced compared to BITS Pilani, or the ITLC at BITS Pilani is lower than the one TU Braunschweig, but our questionnaire study was unable to capture this.
On the one hand, BITS Pilani possibly achieved a higher ITLC score in our survey despite a indeed lower ITLC than TU Braunschweig because culture influences the response behavior. In collectivist cultures (e.g., India) the group has priority instead of the individual as opposed to individualistic cultures (e.g., Germany) where the individual is in the focus (Triandis 1995). In collectivist cultures, it is crucial to make a good impression when in contact with strangers (Triandis 1995). Thus, Indian participants in a questionnaire study tend to respond in a socially desirable way, i.e., as they believe that they correspond to the social or cultural norm to present themselves or their group positively (Bernardi 2006). Not only culture but also different experiences influence the response behavior of individuals. The anchoring effect says individuals tend to compare things with something else that is present to them at that moment (Tversky and Kahneman 1974). Consequently, BITS Pilani members compare their experience at a private educational institution to financially worse off public educational institutions in their country. Both, social desirability and a downward comparison of the participants, might have lead to higher values regarding the ITLC of BITS Pilani.
On the other hand, the high ITLC score of BITS Pilani could result from the actual high ITLC. Perhaps the Indian education system, or at least its ITLC, is better than its reputation, or BITS Pilani sets an excellent example for Indian universities.
Similar to TU Braunschweig (www.tu-braunschweig.de/teach4tu), at BITS Pilani, a central institute provides further training for teachers and supports innovative teaching (www.bits-pilani.ac.in/tlc/Pilani/index.html). There is broad support for entrepreneurship, including financial support (www.bits-pilani.ac.in/pilani/ centerforentrepreneurial/Home), events and courses (Kumar and Jain 2015). Consequently, many alumni found start-ups (Kumar and Jain 2015). An advantage of India compared to Germany is the flexibility (Banerjee 2008). This flexibility allows the implementation of innovations and new ideas in the teaching.
Our study shows a high ITLC at an Indian university. From this result one can conclude the recommendation for German institutes to take a closer look at the "Indian way of teaching" with the aim of finding ideas, such as a greater support for entrepreneurship and enhancing flexibility.

Outlook.
To what extent social desirability has indeed played a role in the comparison between BITS Pilani and TU Braunschweig can only be analyzed with further questioning by a scale interrogating social desirability. In that way, the cross-cultural comparison would more likely find out what makes one university better than another and could enable universities from different cultures to learn from each other. For the enabling of a more generalizable cross-cultural comparison in future research, it would also be helpful to record and statistically monitor the characteristics of students and universities as well as to include a private university in Germany and a public university in India. The questioning of students and teachers with experience abroad who know both universities would limit the anchoring effect and therefore increase the comparability of the results.

Sustainable Thinking and Innovative Teaching and Learning Climate
Discussion. The association between sustainable thinking and ITLC has been found for the first time. Moreover, it was the strongest correlation found compared with known influencing factors like knowledge about sustainable development and status of acting sustainably. Our research provides the first indications that besides teaching pure knowledge about sustainable development and presenting sustainability as cool, sustainable thinking can also be enhanced by ITLC. Thus, so far, an important factor in education for sustainable development would have been neglected. However, as in all correlative studies, there is one significant limitation that the causal relations remain unclear. An ITLC might indeed enhance sustainable thinking. Alternatively, the two constructs could influence each other. Or, a third variable such as high social status might be associated with both the factors.
Outlook. This link should be pursued further. Longitudinal studies would be valuable to examine the cross-lagged associations between sustainable thinking and an ITLC.
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