Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Glaucoma Secondary to Anterior Segment Surgery

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Albert and Jakobiec's Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology

  • 166 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter considers the three main causes of raised IOP and glaucoma that may follow anterior segment surgery: malignant glaucoma, glaucoma after cataract surgery, and glaucoma associated with epithelial downgrowth. Malignant glaucoma is usually a complication of surgery for primary angle closure and manifests with shallowing of the anterior chamber and increased IOP, in the absence of pupillary block or supra-choroidal effusion/hemorrhage. The condition can be treated by disrupting the anterior hyaloid face by laser or vitreous surgery. In patients who have glaucoma after cataract surgery, long-term medical treatment is often effective, but if needed, trabeculectomy with mitomycin C or a drainage implant can result in good long-term IOP control. Epithelial downgrowth into the anterior chamber is rare and has a poor prognosis. The treatment options are discussed, including the insertion of a drainage tube as palliative treatment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 5,499.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 6,499.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. von Graefe A. Beitrage zur Pathologie und Therapie des Glaukoms. Arch Ophthalmol. 1869;15:108.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Weiss DI, Shaffer RN. Ciliary block (malignant) glaucoma. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otol. 1972;76:450–61.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Shaffer RN, Hoskins HD Jr. Ciliary block (malignant) glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 1978;85:215–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Levene R. A new concept of malignant glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1972;87:497–506.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Chandler PA, Simmons RJ, Grant WM. Malignant glaucoma: medical and surgical treatment. Am J Ophthalmol. 1968;66:495–502.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Simmons RJ. Malignant glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 1972;56:263–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Debrouwere V, Stalmans P, Van Calster J, et al. Outcomes of different management options for malignant glaucoma: a retrospective study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2012;250:131–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Shahid H, Salmon JF, Murray ADN. Malignant glaucoma: a review of the modern literature. J Ophthalmol. 2012;2012:1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Lowe RF. Malignant glaucoma related to primary angle closure glaucoma. Aust NZ J Ophthalmol. 1979;7:11–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Merritt JC. Malignant glaucoma induced by miotics postoperatively in open-angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1977;95:1988–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Jafar MS, Tomey KF. Malignant glaucoma manifesting bilaterally 15 months after peripheral iridectomy. Glaucoma. 1982;4:177–9.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Ellis PP. Malignant glaucoma occurring 16 years after successful filtering surgery. Ann Ophthalmol. 1984;16:177–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Varma DK, Belovay GW, Tam DY, et al. Malignant glaucoma after cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2014;40:1843–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Shute TS, Varma DK, Tam D, et al. Seasonal variation in the incidence of malignant glaucoma after cataract surgery. J Ophthalmol Vis Res. 2019;14:32–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Tomey KF, Senft SH, Antonios SR, et al. Aqueous misdirection and flat chamber after posterior chamber implants with and without trabeculectomy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1987;105:770–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Duy TP, Wollensak J. Ciliary block (malignant) glaucoma following posterior chamber lens implantation. Ophthalmic Surg. 1987;18:741–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Dickens CJ, Shaffer RN. The medical treatment of ciliary block glaucoma after extracapsular cataract extraction. Am J Ophthalmol. 1987;103:237–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Kodjikian L, Gain P, Donate D, et al. Malignant glaucoma induced by a phakic posterior chamber intraocular lens for myopia. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2002;28:2217–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Grzybowski A, Kanclerz P. Acute and chronic fluid misdirection syndrome with pathophysiology and treatment. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2018;256:135–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Greenfield DS, Tello C, Budenz DL, et al. Aqueous misdirection after glaucoma drainage device implantation. Ophthalmology. 1999;106:1035–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Luntz MH, Rosenblatt M. Malignant glaucoma. Survey Ophthalmol. 1987;32:73–93.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Brooks AM, Harper CA, Gillies WE. Occurrence of malignant glaucoma after laser iridotomy. Br J Ophthalmol. 1989;73:617–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Aminlari A, Sassani JW. Simultaneous bilateral malignant glaucoma following laser iridotomy. Graefes Arch Clin Ophthalmol. 1993;231:12–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Macken P, Buys Y, Trope GE. Glaucoma laser suture lysis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1996;80:398–401.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Mathur R, Gazzard G, Oen F. Malignant glaucoma following needling of a trabeculectomy bleb. Eye. 2002;16:667–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Hardten DR, Brown JD. Malignant glaucoma after Nd: YAG cyclophotocoagulation. Am J Ophthalmol. 1991;111:245–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Rieser JC, Schwartz B. Miotic-induced malignant glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1972;87:706–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Pecora JL. Malignant glaucoma worsened by miotics in a postoperative angle-closure glaucoma patient. Ann Ophthalmol. 1979;11:1412–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Chandler PA, Grant WM. Mydriatic-cycloplegic treatment in malignant glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1962;68:353–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Pollard AF. Secondary angle closure glaucoma in cicatricial retrolental fibroplasia. Am J Ophthalmol. 1980;89:651–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Kushner BJ. Ciliary block in retinopathy of prematurity. Arch Ophthalmol. 1982;100:1078–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Weiss IS, Deiter PD. Malignant glaucoma syndrome following retinal detachment surgery. Ann Ophthalmol. 1974;6:1099–104.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Weber PA, Cohen JS, Baker D. Central retinal vein occlusion and malignant glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1987;105:635–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Jones BR. Principles in the management of oculomycosis. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otol. 1975;79:719–51.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Lass JH, Thoft RA, Bellows AR, Slansky HH. Exogenous Nocardia asteroides endophthalmitis associated with malignant glaucoma. Ann Ophthalmol. 1981;13:317–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Schwartz AL, Anderson DR. “Malignant glaucoma” in an eye with no antecedent operation or miotics. Arch Ophthalmol. 1975;93:379–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Trope GE, Pavlin CJ, Bau A, et al. Malignant glaucoma: clinical and ultrasound biomicroscopic features. Ophthalmology. 1994;101:1030–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Wang Z, Huang J, Lin J, et al. Qualitative measurement of the ciliary body in eyes with malignant glaucoma after trabeculectomy using ultrasound biomicroscopy. Ophthalmology. 2014;121:862–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Prata TS, Dorairaj S, De Moraes CGV, et al. Is preoperative ciliary body and iris anatomical configuration a predictor of malignant glaucoma development? Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2013;41:541–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Heindl LM, Koch KR, Cursiefen C, Konen W. Optical coherence tomography and ultrasound biomicroscopy in the management of pseudophakic malignant glaucoma. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2013;251:2261–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Shaffer RN. The role of vitreous detachment in aphakic and malignant glaucoma. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Oto. 1954;58:217–31.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Epstein DL, Hashimoto JM, Anderson PJ, Grant WM. Experimental perfusions through the anterior and vitreous chambers with possible relationships to malignant glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1979;88:1078–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Fatt I. Hydraulic flow conductivity of the vitreous gel. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1977;16:555–8.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Quigley HA, Friedman DS, Congdon VG. Possible mechanisms of primary angle- closure and malignant glaucoma. J Glaucoma. 2003;12:167–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Quigley HA. Angle-closure glaucoma – simpler answers to complex mechanisms. LXVI Edward Jackson memorial lecture. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009;148:657–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Dugel PR, Heuer DK, Thach AB, et al. Annular peripheral choroidal detachment simulating aqueous misdirection after glaucoma surgery. Ophthalmology. 1997;104:439–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Liebmann JM, Weinreb RN, Ritch R. Angle-closure glaucoma associated with occult annular ciliary body detachment. Arch Ophthalmol. 1998;116:731–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Lau OCF, Montfort JM, Sim BWC, et al. Acute intraoperative rock-hard eye syndrome and its management. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2014;40:799–804.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Balekudaru S, Choudhari NS, Rewri P, et al. Surgical management of malignant glaucoma: a retrospective analysis of fifty-eight eyes. Eye. 2017;31:947–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Dave P, Senthil S, Rau HL, Garudadri CS. Treatment outcomes in malignant glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 2013;120:984–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Herschler J. Laser shrinkage of the ciliary processes: a treatment for malignant glaucoma (ciliary block) glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 1980;87:1155–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Little BC, Hitchings RA. Pseudophakic malignant glaucoma: Nd: YAG capsulotomy as a primary treatment. Eye. 1993;7:102–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Carassa RG, Bettin P, Fiori M, Brancato R. Treatment of malignant glaucoma with contact trans-scleral cyclophotocoagulation. Arch Ophthalmol. 1999;117:688–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Stumpf TH, Austin M, Bloom PA, et al. Transscleral cyclodiode laser photocoagulation in the treatment of aqueous misdirection syndrome. Ophthalmology. 2008;115:2058–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Kaplowitz K, Yung E, Flynn R, Tsai JC. Current concepts in the treatment of vitreous block, also known as aqueous misdirection. Surv Ophthalmol. 2015;60:229–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Matlach J, Slobodda J, Grehn F, Klink T. Pars plana vitrectomy for malignant glaucoma in nonglaucomatous and in filtered glaucomatous eyes. Clin Ophthalmol. 2012;6:1959–66.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Sharma A, Sii F, Shah P, Kirkby GR. Vitrectomy-phacoemulsification-vitrectomy for the management of aqueous misdirection syndromes in the phakic eye. Ophthalmology. 2006;113:1968–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Zarnowski T, Wilkos-Kuc M, Tulidowicz-Bielak M, et al. Efficacy and safety of a new surgical method to treat malignant glaucoma in pseudophakia. Eye. 2014;28:761–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Liu X, Li M, Cheng B, et al. Phacoemulsification combined with posterior capsulorhexis and anterior vitrectomy in the management of malignant glaucoma in phakic eyes. Acta Ophthalmol. 2013;91:660–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. He F, Qian S, Jiang J, et al. Clinical efficacy of modified partial pars plana vitrectomy combined with phacoemulsification for malignant glaucoma. Eye. 2016;30:1094–110.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Chaudhry NA, Flynn HW, Murray TG, et al. Pars plana vitrectomy during cataract surgery for prevention of aqueous misdirection in high-risk fellow eyes. Am J Ophthalmol. 2000;129:387–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Harbour JW, Rubsamen PE, Palmberg P. Pars plana vitrectomy in the management of phakic and pseudophakic malignant glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1996;114:1073–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Tsai JC, Barton KA, Miller M, et al. Surgical results in malignant glaucoma refractory to medical or laser therapy. Eye. 1997;11:677–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Chen SDM, Salmon JF, Patel CK. Videoendoscopic-guided fluorescein-assisted vitrectomy with phakic malignant glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005;123:1419–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Lois N, Wong D, Groenewald C. New surgical approach in the management of pseudophakic malignant glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 2001;108:780–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Azuara-Blanco A, Katz LJ, Grandham SB, Spaeth GL. Pars plana tube insertion of aqueous shunt with vitrectomy in malignant glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1998;116:808–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Melancia D, Abegão Pinto L, Marques-Neves C. Cataract surgery and intraocular pressure. Ophthalmic Res. 2015;53:141–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Shrivastava S, Singh K. The impact of cataract surgery on glaucoma care. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2014;25:19–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. West J, Burke J, Cunliffe I, Longstaff S. Prevention of acute post-operative rises in glaucoma patients undergoing cataract extraction with posterior chamber lens implant. Br J Ophthalmol. 1992;76:534–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Poley BJ, Lindstrom RL, Samuelson TW. Long-term effects of phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation in normotensive and ocular hypertensive eyes. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2008;34:735–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Mansberger SL, Gordon MO, Jampel H, et al. Reduction in intraocular pressure after cataract extraction: the ocular hypertension treatment study. Ophthalmology. 2012;119:1826–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Kooner KS, Dulaney DD, Zimmerman TJ. Intraocular pressure following secondary anterior chamber lens implantation. Ophthalmic Surg. 1988;19:274–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Tong JT, Miller KM. Intraocular pressure change after sutureless phacoemulsification and foldable posterior chamber lens implantation. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1998;24:256–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Vu MT, Shields MB. The early postoperative pressure course in glaucoma patients following cataract surgery. Ophthalmic Surg. 1988;19:467–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Radius RL, Schultz K, Sobocinski K, et al. Pseudophakia and intraocular pressure. Am J Ophthalmol. 1984;7:738–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Suzuki R, Kuroki S, Fugiwara N. Ten-year follow-up of intraocular pressure after phacoemulsification and aspiration with intraocular lens implantation performed by the same surgeon. Ophthalmological. 1997;211:79–83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Shingleton BJ, Pasternack JJ, Hung JW, O’Donoghue MW. Three- and five-year changes in intraocular pressures after clear corneal phacoemulsification in open angle glaucoma patients, glaucoma suspects, and normal patients. J Glaucoma. 2006;15:494–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Shingleton BJ, Gamell LS, O’Donoghue MWO, et al. Long-term changes in intraocular pressure after clear corneal phacoemulsification: normal patients versus glaucoma suspect and glaucoma patients. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1999;25:885–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Tennen DG, Masket S. Short-term and long-term effect of clear corneal incisions on intraocular pressure. J Cataract Refract Surgery. 1996;22:568–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Ge J, Wand M, Chiange R, et al. Long-term effect of Nd: YAG laser posterior capsulotomy on intraocular pressure. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118:1334–147.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Jahn CE, Emke M. Long-term elevation of intraocular pressure after neodymium: YAG laser posterior capsulotomy. Ophthalmologica. 1996;210:85–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Mitchell PG, Blair NP, Deutsch TA, Hershey JM. The effect of neodymium: YAG laser shocks on the blood-aqueous barrier. Ophthalmology. 1987;94:488–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Fourman S, Apisson J. Late onset elevation in intraocular pressure after neodymium–YAG laser posterior capsulotomy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1991;109:511–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Wetzel W. Ocular aqueous humor dynamics after photodisruptive laser surgery procedures. Ophthalmic Surg. 1994;25:298–302.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Pollack IP, Brown RH, Crandall AS, et al. Prevention of the rise in intraocular pressure following neodymium-YAG posterior capsulotomy using topical 1% apraclonidine. Arch Ophthalmol. 1988;106:754–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Migliori ME, Beckman H, Channell MM. Intraocular pressure changes after neodymium–YAG laser capsulotomy in eyes pre-treated with Timolol. Arch Ophthalmol. 1987;105:473–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Holzer MP, Tetz MR, Auffarth GU, et al. Effect of Healon 5 and 4 other viscoelastic substances on intraocular pressure and endothelium after cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2001;27:213–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Higashide T, Sugiyama K. Use of viscoelastic substance in ophthalmic surgery – focus on sodium hyaluronate. Clin Ophthalmol. 2008;2:21–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  89. Alpar JJ, Alpar AJ, Baca J, Chapman D. Comparison of Healon and Viscoat in cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation. Ophthalmic Surg. 1988;19:636–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Barron BA, Busin M, Page C, et al. Comparison of the effects of Viscoat and Healon on postoperative intraocular pressure. Am J Ophthalmol. 1985;100:377–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Caporossi A, Baiocchi S, Sforzi C, Frezzotti HE. Healon GV versus Healon in demanding cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1995;21:710–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Schwenn O, Dick HB, Krummenauer F, et al. Healon 5 versus Viscoat during cataract surgery: intraocular pressure, laser flare and corneal changes. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2000;238:861–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Arshinoff SA, Albiani DA, Taylor-Laporte J. Intraocular pressure after bilateral cataract surgery using Healon, Healon 5 and Healon GV. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2002;28:617–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Aron-Rosa D, Cohn HC, Aron JJ, Bouquety C. Methylcellulose instead of Healon in extracapsular surgery with intraocular lens implantation. Ophthalmology. 1983;90:1235–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Fry LL. Postoperative intraocular pressure rises: a comparison of Healon, Amvisc, and Viscoat. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1989;15:415–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Jurgens I, Matheu A, Castilla M. Ocular hypertension after cataract surgery. A comparison of three surgical techniques and two viscoelastics. Ophthalmic Surg. 1997;28:30–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Lane SS, Naylor DW, Kullerstrand LJ, et al. Prospective comparison of the effects of Occucoat, Viscoat, and Healon on intraocular pressure and endothelial cell loss. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1991;17:21–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. MacRae SM, Edelhauser HF, Hyndiuk RA, et al. The effects of sodium hyaluronate, chondroitin sulfate, and methylcellulose on the corneal endothelium and intraocular pressure. Am J Ophthalmol. 1983;95:332–41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Glasser DB, Matsuda M, Edelhauser HF. A comparison of the efficacy and toxicity of and intraocular pressure response to viscous solutions in the anterior chamber. Arch Ophthalmol. 1986;104:1819–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Wiles SB, MacKenzie D, Ide CH. Control of intraocular pressure with apraclonidine hydrochloride after cataract extraction. Am J Ophthalmol. 1991;111:184–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Hollands RH, Drance SM, Schulzer M. The effect of acetylcholine on early postoperative intraocular pressure. Am J Ophthalmol. 1987;103:749–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Hollands RH, Drance SM, Schulzer M. The effect of intracameral carbachol on intraocular pressure after cataract extraction. Am J Ophthalmol. 1987;104:225–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Dayanir V, Ozcura F, Kir E. Medical control of intraocular pressure after phacoemulsification. J Cataract Refr Surg. 2005;31:484–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Biedner B, Rothkoff L, Blumenthal M. The effect of acetazolamide on early intraocular pressure after cataract extraction. Am J Ophthalmol. 1978;85:337–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Jamula E, Anderson J, Douketis JD. Safety of continuing warfarin therapy during cataract surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thromb Res. 2009;24:292–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Swan KC. Hyphema due to wound vascularization after cataract extraction. Arch Ophthalmol. 1973;89:87–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Jarstad JS, Hardwig PW. Intraocular hemorrhage from wound neovascularization years after anterior segment surgery (Swan syndrome). Can J Ophthalmol. 1987;22:271–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Petrelli EA, Wiznia RA. Argon laser photocoagulation of inner wound vascularization after cataract extraction. Am J Ophthalmol. 1977;84:58–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. McDonnell PJ, Champion R, Green WR. Location and composition of haptics of posterior chamber intraocular lenses. Ophthalmology. 1987;94:136–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Monshizadeh R, Samiy N, Haimovici R. Management of retained intravitreal lens fragments after cataract surgery. Surv Ophthalmol. 1999;43:397–404.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Rofagha S, Bhisitkul RB. Management of retained lens fragments in complicated cataract surgery. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2011;22:137–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Miyake K, Asakura M, Kobayashi H. Effect of intraocular lens fixation on the blood-aqueous barrier. Am J Ophthalmol. 1984;98:451–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Phulke S, Kaushik S, Kaur S, Pandav SS. Steroid-induced glaucoma: an avoidable irreversible blindness. J Curr Glaucoma Pract. 2017;11:67–71.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  114. Kiddee W, Trope GE, Sheng L, et al. Intraocular pressure monitoring post intravitreal steroids: a systematic review. Surv Ophthalmol. 2013;58:292–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. Podos SM, Krupin T, Asseff C, Becker B. Topically administered corticosteroid preparations: comparison of intraocular pressure effects. Arch Ophthalmol. 1971;86:251–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Jonas JB, Kreissig I, Degenring R. Intraocular pressure after intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003;87:24–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  117. Epstein DL. Diagnosis and management of lens-induced glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 1982;89:227–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Rosenbaum JT, Samples JR, Seymour B, et al. Chemotactic activity of lens proteins and the pathogenesis of phacolytic glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1987;105:1582–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Campbell DG, Simmons RJ, Grant WM. Ghost cells as a cause of glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1976;81:441–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Summers CG, Lindstrom RL, Cameron JD. Phase contrast microscopy: diagnosis of ghost cell glaucoma following cataract extraction. Surv Ophthalmol. 1984;28:342–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Summers CG, Lindstrom RL. Ghost cell glaucoma following lens implantation. Am Intraocul Implant Soc J. 1983;9:429–33.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Brucker AJ, Michels RG, Green WR. Pars plana vitrectomy in the management of blood-induced glaucoma with vitreous hemorrhage. Ann Ophthalmol. 1978;10:1427–37.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Ballin N, Weiss DM. Pigment dispersion and intraocular pressure elevation in pseudophakia. Ann Ophthalmol. 1982;14:627–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Brandt JD, Mockovak ME, Chayet A. Pigmentary dispersion syndrome induced by a posterior chamber phakic refractive lens. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001;131:260–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Samples JR, Van Buskirk EM. Pigmentary glaucoma associated with posterior chamber intraocular lenses. Am J Ophthalmol. 1985;100:385–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Woodhams T, Lester JC. Pigmentary dispersion glaucoma secondary to posterior chamber intraocular lenses. Ann Ophthalmol. 1984;16:852–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Grant WM. Open-angle glaucoma associated with vitreous filling the anterior chamber. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1963;61:196–218.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  128. Sugar HS. Pupillary block and pupil-block glaucoma following cataract extraction. Am J Ophthalmol. 1966;61:435–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Anderson DR, Forster RK, Lewis ML. Laser iridotomy for aphakic pupillary block. Arch Ophthalmol. 1975;93:343–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Chandler PA. Glaucoma from pupillary block in aphakia. Arch Ophthalmol. 1962;67:14–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Van Buskirk EM. Pupillary block after intraocular lens implantation. Am J Ophthalmol. 1983;95:55–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Gaton DD, Mimouni K, Luski M, et al. Pupillary block following posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation in adults. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003;87:1109–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  133. Weinreb RN, Wasserstrom JP, Forman JS, Ritch R. Pseudophakic pupillary block with angle-closure glaucoma in diabetic patients. Am J Ophthalmol. 1986;102:325–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Samples JR, Bellows AR, Rosenquist RC, et al. Pupillary block with posterior chamber intraocular lenses. Arch Ophthalmol. 1987;105:335–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Sathish S, MacKinnon JR, Atta HR. Role of ultrasound biomicroscopy in managing pseudophakic pupillary block glaucoma. J Cat Refract Surg. 2000;26:1836–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Evans RB. Peripheral anterior synechia overlying the haptics of posterior chamber lenses. Occurrence and natural history. Ophthalmology. 1990;97:415–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Yeo JH, Jakobiec FA, Pukorny K, et al. The ultrastructure of anterior intraocular lens “cocoon membrane”. Ophthalmology. 1983;90:410–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Bőmer TG, Lagréze WD, Funk J. Intraocular pressure rise after phacoemulsification with posterior chamber lens implantation: effect of prophylactic medication, wound closure, and surgeon’s experience. Br J Ophthalmol. 1995;79:809–13.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  139. Schwenn O, Xia N, Krummenauer F, Dick HB. Prevention of early postoperative increase in intraocular pressure after phacoemulsification: comparison of different antiglaucoma drugs. Ophthalmologe. 2001;98:934–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Arcieri ES, Santana A, Rocha FN, et al. Blood-aqueous barrier changes after the use of prostaglandin analogues in patients with pseudophakia and aphakia: a 6-month randomized trial. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005;123:186–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Kessel L, Tendal B, Jørgensen KJ, et al. Post-cataract prevention of inflammation and macular edema by steroid and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory eye drops: a systematic review. Ophthalmology. 2014;121:1915–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Wand M, Gaudio AR, Shields MB. Latanoprost and cystoid macular edema in high-risk aphakic or pseudophakic eyes. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2001;27:1397–401.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Asaria RHV, Salmon JF, Skinner AR, et al. Electron microscopy findings on an intraocular lens in the uveitis, glaucoma, hyphema syndrome. Eye. 1997;11:827–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Peyman GA, Sanders DR, Minatoya H. Pars plana vitrectomy in the management of pupillary block glaucoma following irrigation and aspiration. Br J Ophthalmol. 1978;62:336–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  145. Bellows AR, Johnstone MA. Surgical management of chronic glaucoma in aphakia. Ophthalmology. 1983;90:807–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Schultz JS, Slamovits TL, Rockwood EJ, Coleman AL. Surgical management of glaucoma associated with pseudophakia. Surv Ophthalmol. 2001;46:275–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Lee LC, Pasquale LR. Surgical management of glaucoma in pseudophakic patients. Semin Ophthalmol. 2002;17:131–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Thomas JV, Simmons RJ, Belcher CD. Argon laser trabeculoplasty in the pre-surgical glaucoma patient. Ophthalmology. 1982;89:187–97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Takihara Y, Inatani M, Seto T, et al. Trabeculectomy with mitomycin for open-angle glaucoma in phakic vs pseudophakic eyes after phacoemulsification. Arch Ophthalmol. 2011;129:152–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Shingleton BJ, Alfano C, O’Donoghue MW, Rivera J. Efficacy of glaucoma filtration surgery in pseudophakic patients with or without conjunctival scarring. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2004;30:2504–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Fontana H, Nouri-Mahdavi K, Caprioli J. Trabeculectomy with mitomycin C in pseudophakic patients with open-angle glaucoma: outcomes and risk factors for failure. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;141:652–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. The Fluorouracil Filtering Surgery Study Group. Three-year follow-up of the fluorouracil filtering surgery study. Am J Ophthalmol. 1993;115:82–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  153. Esfandiari H, Pakravan M, Yazdani S, et al. Treatment outcome of mitomycin C-augmented trabeculectomy, sub-tenon injection versus soaked sponges, after 3 years of follow up: a randomized clinical trial. Ophthalmology Glaucoma. 2018;1:66–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Megavand GS, Salmon JF, Scholtz RP, Murray ADN. The effect of reducing the exposure time of mitomycin C in glaucoma filtering surgery. Ophthalmology. 1995;102:84–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  155. Budenz DL, Barton K, Gedde SJ, et al. Five-year treatment outcomes in the Ahmed Baerveldt comparison study. Ophthalmology. 2015;122:308–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Gedde SJ, Schiffman JC, Feuer WJ, et al. Treatment outcomes in the tube versus trabeculectomy (TVT) study after five years of follow-up. Am J Ophthalmol. 2012;153:789–803.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  157. Gedde SJ, Herndon LW, Brandt JD, et al. Postoperative complications in the tube versus trabeculectomy (TVT) study during five years of follow-up. Am J Ophthalmol. 2012;153:804–14.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  158. Heuer DK, Lloyd MA, Abrams DA, et al. Which is better? One or two? A randomized clinical trial of single-plate versus double-plate Molteno implantation for glaucomas in aphakia and pseudophakia. Ophthalmology. 1992;99:1512–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Chang SHL, Chen Y, Li C, Wu S. Contact diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation for refractory glaucoma: comparison of two treatment protocols. Can J Ophthalmol. 2004;39:511–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Bloom PA, Tsai JC, Sharma K, et al. “Cyclodiode”: trans-scleral diode laser cyclophotocoagulation in the treatment of advanced refractory glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 1997;104:1508–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Sarrafpour S, Saleh D, Ayoub S, Radcliffe NM. Micropulse transscleral cyclophotocoagulation: a look at long -term effectiveness and outcomes. Ophthalmol Glaucoma. 2019;2:1–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  162. Perera C. Epithelium in the anterior chamber of the eye after operation and injury. Trans Am Acad Ophthal Otol. 1937;42:142.

    Google Scholar 

  163. Weiner MJ, Trentacoste J, Pon DM, Albert DM. Epithelial downgrowth: a 30- year clinicopathological review. Br J Ophthalmol. 1989;73:6–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  164. Regan E. Epithelial invasion of the anterior chamber. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1957;55:741–72.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  165. Maumenee AE, Paton D, Morse PH, Butner R. Review of 40 histologically proven cases of epithelial downgrowth following cataract extraction and suggested surgical management. Am J Ophthalmol. 1970;69:598–603.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Chen MC, Cortes DE, Haracopos G, Mannis MJ. Epithelial downgrowth after penetrating keratoplasty: imaging by high resolution optical coherence tomography and in vivo confocal microscopy. Cornea. 2013;32:1505–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Smith RE, Parrett C. Specular microscopy of epithelial downgrowth. Arch Ophthalmol. 1978;96:1222–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Swan KC. Fibroblastic ingrowth following cataract extraction. Arch Ophthalmol. 1973;89:445–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Dunnington JH. Healing of incisions for cataract extraction. Am J Ophthalmol. 1951;34:36–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Cameron JD, Flaxman BA, Yanoff M. In vitro studies of corneal wound healing: epithelial endothelial interactions. Investig Ophthalmol. 1974;12:575–9.

    Google Scholar 

  171. Henderson T. A histological study of the normal healing of wounds after cataract extraction. Ophthalmol Rev. 1907;26:127.

    Google Scholar 

  172. Shaikh AA, Damji KF, Mintsiolis G, et al. Bilateral epithelial downgrowth managed in one eye with intraocular 5-fluorouracil. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;120:1396–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Costa VP, Katz LJ, Cohen EJ, Raber IM. Glaucoma secondary to epithelial downgrowth and 5-fluorouracil. Ophthalmic Surg. 1990;21:704.

    Google Scholar 

  174. Lai MM, Aller JA. Resolution of epithelial downgrowth in a patient treated with 5-fluorouracil. Am J Ophthalmol. 2013;12:1610–2.

    Google Scholar 

  175. Abdollah Z, Zahidin AZM, Ahem A, et al. Successful treatment of epithelial downgrowth with endoscopic photocoagulation and intracameral 5-fluorouracil after prolonged limbal wound leak. Int J Ophthalmol. 2018;11:703–4.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  176. Ni N, Goldberg MA, Eagle RC Jr, et al. Epithelial downgrowth after intraocular surgery treated with intracameral 5-Fluorouracil. Case Rep Ophthalmol Med. 2015;325485

    Google Scholar 

  177. Loane ME, Weinreb RN. Glaucoma secondary to epithelial downgrowth and 5- fluorouracil. Ophthalmic Surg. 1990;21:704–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Lee MD, Wu F, Schallhorn JM. Successful treatment of epithelial downgrowth with intravitreal methotrexate. Ophthalmology. 2019;126:48.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Stark WJ, Michels RG, Maumenee AE, Cupples H. Surgical management of epithelial ingrowth. Am J Ophthalmol. 1978;85:772–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Peyman GA, Peralta E, Ganiban GJ, Kraut R. Endoresection of the iris and ciliary body in epithelial downgrowth. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1998;24:130–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Friedman AH. Radical anterior segment surgery for epithelial invasion of the anterior chamber. Report of three cases. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otol. 1977;83:216–23.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Brown SI. Treatment of advanced epithelial downgrowth. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otol. 1973;77:618–22.

    Google Scholar 

  183. Naumann GOH, Rummelt V. Block excision of cystic and diffuse epithelial ingrowth of the anterior chamber. Arch Ophthalmol. 1992;110:223–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Fish LA, Heuer DK, Baerveldt G, et al. Molteno implantation for secondary glaucoma associated with advanced epithelial downgrowth. Ophthalmology. 1990;97:557–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Costa VP, Katz LJ, Cohen EJ, et al. Glaucoma associated with epithelial downgrowth controlled with Molteno tube shunts. Ophthalmic Surg. 1992;23:797–800.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford Radcliffe NHS Trust, Oxford, UK

    John F. Salmon

Authors
  1. John F. Salmon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science, Portland, OR, USA

    Daniel M. Albert

  2. Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Joan W. Miller

  3. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

    Dimitri T. Azar

  4. Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Lucy H. Young

Section Editor information

  1. New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, USA

    James C. Tsai

  2. Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, USA

    Yang Sun

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Salmon, J.F. (2022). Glaucoma Secondary to Anterior Segment Surgery. In: Albert, D.M., Miller, J.W., Azar, D.T., Young, L.H. (eds) Albert and Jakobiec's Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42634-7_185

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42634-7_185

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-42633-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-42634-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation