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Smith and Nesi’s Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery pp 1285–1299Cite as

Post-traumatic Enophthalmos and Three-Dimensional Imaging

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Abstract

Enophthalmos following trauma can be a challenging condition to repair. Soon after the trauma, enophthalmos occurs secondary to an increase in orbital volume. With late enophthalmos, there is evidence that traumatic atrophy of soft tissue plays a role. When enophthalmos occurs, patients may report abnormalities in blink, ocular discomfort, visible deformity, or diplopia. Globe projection asymmetry of 2 mm or greater is typically cosmetically noticeable. In this chapter, we review the relevant anatomy of the orbit, the pathophysiology of enophthalmos, mechanisms of injury, evaluation, and management. Other masqueraders of traumatic enophthalmos will be discussed. The use of modern three-dimensional imaging techniques and custom-made patient-specific implants in reconstruction will also be examined.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Mass Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Michael K. Yoon

  2. University of California – San Francisco, Department of Ophthalmology, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Robert C. Kersten

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  1. Michael K. Yoon
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  2. Robert C. Kersten
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Correspondence to Michael K. Yoon .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Oculofacial Plastic Surgeons of Georgia, Suwanee, GA, USA

    J. Javier Servat

  2. Consultants in Ophthalmic and Facial Plastic Surgery, P.C., Southfield, MI, USA

    Evan H. Black

  3. Beaumont Eye Institute, William Beaumont School of Medicine of Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA

    Frank A. Nesi

  4. Consultants in Ophthalmic and Facial Plastic Surgery, P.C., Southfield, MI, USA

    Geoffrey J. Gladstone

  5. San Antonio Military Medical Center/Wilford Hall Ambulatory Surgery Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Oculoplastic Surgery, San Antonio, TX, USA

    Christopher J. Calvano

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Yoon, M.K., Kersten, R.C. (2021). Post-traumatic Enophthalmos and Three-Dimensional Imaging. In: Servat, J.J., Black, E.H., Nesi, F.A., Gladstone, G.J., Calvano, C.J. (eds) Smith and Nesi’s Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41720-8_73

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