Abstract
Pancreas cysts are frequently incidentally detected on cross-sectional imaging. This review presents an approach to the diagnosis and management of pancreas cysts, including pancreas pseudocysts, serous cystadenomas and mucinous cysts, which include mucinous cystadenomas and intraductal papillary neoplasms
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Brugge WR. Diagnosis and management of cystic lesions of the pancreas. J Gastrointest Oncol. 2015;6(4):375–88.
Yoon WJ, Brugge WR. Pancreatic cystic neoplasms: diagnosis and management. Gastroenterol Clin N Am. 2012;41:103–18.
Basar O, Brugge WR. My treatment approach: pancreatic cysts. Mayo Clin Proc. 2017;92(10):1519–31.
Kimura W, Nagai H, Kuroda A, Muto T, Esaki Y. Analysis of small cystic lesions of the pancreas. Int J Pancreatol. 1995;18(3):197–206.
Laffan TA, Horton KM, Klein AP, et al. Prevalence of unsuspected pancreatic cysts on MDCT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;191(3):802–7.
Lee KS, Sekhar A, Rofsky NM, Pedrosa I. Prevalence of incidental pancreatic cysts in the adult population on MR imaging. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105(9):2079–84.
Matsubara S, Tada M, Akahane M, et al. Incidental pancreatic cysts found by magnetic resonance imaging and their relationship with pancreatic cancer. Pancreas. 2012;41(8):1241–6.
Elta GH, Enestvedt BK, Sauer BG, Lennon AM. ACG clinical guideline: diagnosis and management of pancreatic cysts. Am J Gastroenterol. 2018;113(4):464–79.
Scheiman JM, Hwang JH, Moayyedi P. American Gastroenterological Association technical review on the diagnosis and management of asymptomatic neoplastic pancreatic cysts. Gastroenterology. 2015;148(4):824–48.
Gardner TB, Glass LM, Smith KD, et al. Pancreatic cyst prevalence and the risk of mucin-producing adenocarcinoma in US adults. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108:1546–50.
Choi SH, Park SH, Kim KW, et al. Progression of unresected intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas to cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;15:1509–20.
Muniraj T, Aslanian HR, Farrell J, Jamidar PA. Chronic pancreatitis, a comprehensive review and update. Part II: diagnosis, complications, and management. Dis Mon. 2015;61(1):5–37.
Aghdassi A, Mayerle J, Kraft M, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts in chronic pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2008;36:105–12.
Foster BR, Jensen KK, Bakis G, Shaaban AM, Coakley FV. Revised Atlanta classification for acute pancreatitis: a pictorial essay. Radiographics. 2016;36(3):675–87.
Muniraj T, Jamidar PA, Nealon WH, Aslanian HR. Endoscopic management of pancreatic fluid collections. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2017;51(1):19–33.
Habashi S, Draganov PV. Pancreatic pseudocyst. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15:38–47.
Cannon JW, Callery MP, Vollmer CM Jr. Diagnosis and management of pancreatic pseudocysts: what is the evidence? J Am Coll Surg. 2009;209:385–93.
Ortiz V, Yousaf MN, Muniraj T, Jamidar P, Aslanian HR. Endoscopic management of pancreatic duct disruption with large mediastinal pseudocyst. VideoGIE. 2018;3(5):162–5.
Garcea G, Ong SL, Rajesh A, et al. Cystic lesions of the pancreas. A diagnostic and management dilemma. Pancreatology. 2008;8:236–51.
Brugge WR. The use of EUS to diagnose cystic neoplasms of the pancreas. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009;69:S203–9.
Van der Waaij LA, van Dullemen HM, Porte RJ. Cyst fluid analysis in the differential diagnosis of pancreatic cystic lesions: a pooled analysis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2005;62:383–9.
Pitman MB, Lewandrowski K, Shen J, et al. Pancreatic cysts: preoperative diagnosis and clinical management. Cancer Cytopathol. 2010;118:1–13.
Turner BG, Brugge WR. Pancreatic cystic lesions: when to watch, when to operate, and when to ignore. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2010;12:98–105.
Varadarajulu S, Christein JD, Tamhane A, et al. Prospective randomized trial comparing EUS and EGD for transmural drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc. 2008;68:1102–11.
Panamonta N, Ngamruengphong S, Kijsirichareanchai K, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided versus conventional transmural techniques have comparable treatment outcomes in draining pancreatic pseudocysts. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;24:1355–62.
Park DH, Lee SS, Moon SH, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided versus conventional transmural drainage for pancreatic pseudocysts: a prospective randomized trial. Endoscopy. 2009;41:842–8.
Samuelson AL, Shah RJ. Endoscopic management of pancreatic pseudocysts. Gastroenterol Clin N Am. 2012;41:47–62.
Brugge WR. Endoscopic approach to the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2013;29:559–65.
Kosmahl M, Egawa N, Schröder S, et al. Mucinous nonneoplastic cyst of the pancreas: a novel nonneoplastic cystic change? Mod Pathol. 2002;15:154.
Ramsden KL, Newman J. Lymphoepithelial cyst of the pancreas. Histopathology. 1991;18:267.
Nasr J, Sanders M, Fasanella K, et al. Lymphoepithelial cysts of the pancreas: an EUS case series. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008;68:170.
Farrell JJ, Fernández-del CC. Pancreatic cystic neoplasms: management and unanswered questions. Gastroenterology. 2013;144(6):1303–15.
Farrell JJ, Brugge WR. Intraductal papillary mucinous tumor of the pancreas. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;55(6):701–14.
Sahani DV, Lin DJ, Venkatesan AM, et al. Multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and management of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7:259–69.
Farrell JJ. Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm to pancreas ductal adenocarcinoma sequence and pancreas cancer screening. Endosc Ultrasound. 2018;7(5):314–8.
Muniraj T, Aslania HR. Awash in a multitude of pancreas cysts: can we stop looking? Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14(6):872–4.
Stark A, Donahue TR, Reber HA, et al. Pancreatic cyst disease: a review. JAMA. 2016;315:1882–93.
Sahora K, Ferrone CR, Brugge WR, et al. Effects of comorbidities on outcomes of patients with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13:1816–23.
Tirkes T, Aisen AM, Cramer HM, et al. Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas; findings on magnetic resonance imaging with pathological, surgical, and clinical correlation. Abdom Imaging. 2014;39:1088–101.
Jones MJ, Buchanan AS, Neal CP, et al. Imaging of indeterminate pancreatic cystic lesions: a systematic review. Pancreatology. 2013;13:436–42.
De Jong K, Van Hooft JE, Nio CY, et al. Accuracy of preoperative workup in a prospective series of surgically resected cystic pancreatic lesions. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2012;47:1056–63.
Khashab MA, Kim K, Lennon AM, et al. Should we do EUS/FNA on patients with pancreatic cysts? The incremental diagnostic yield of EUS over CT/MRI for prediction of cystic neoplasms. Pancreas. 2013;42:717–21.
Tanaka M, Fernández-del Castillo C, Adsay V, et al. International consensus guidelines 2012 for the management of IPMN and MCN of the pancreas. Pancreatology. 2012;12:183–97.
Tirkes T, Aisen AM, Cramer HM, et al. Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas; findings on magnetic resonance imaging with pathological, surgical, and clinical correlation. Abdom Imaging. 2014;39:1088–101.
Kamata K, Kitano M, Omoto S, et al. Contrast-enhanced harmonic endoscopic ultrasonography for differential diagnosis of pancreatic cysts. Endoscopy. 2016;48:35–41.
Brugge WR, Lewandrowski K, Lee-Lewandrowski E, et al. Diagnosis of pancreatic cystic neoplasms: a report of the cooperative pancreatic cyst study. Gastroenterology. 2004;126(5):1330–6.
Maker AV, Carrara S, Jamieson NB, et al. Cyst fluid biomarkers for intra-ductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas: a critical review from the international expert meeting on pancreatic branch-duct-intra-ductal papillary mucinous neoplasms. J Am Coll Surg. 2015;220:243–53.
Farrell JJ, Al-Haddad MA, Jackson SA, Gonda TA. Incremental value of DNA analysis in pancreatic cysts stratified by clinical risk factors. Gastrointest Endosc. 2019;89(4):832–841.e2.
Majumbar S, Aslanian HR, Farrell JJ, et al. Novel methylated DNA markers discriminate advanced neoplasia in pancreatic cysts: marker discovery, tissue validation, and cyst fluid testing. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019;114(9):1539–49.
Dal Molin M, Matthaei H, Wu J, et al. Clinicopathological correlates of activating GNAS mutations in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) of the pancreas. Ann Surg Oncol. 2013;20:3802–8.
Kawakubo K, Tada M, Isayama H, et al. Risk for mortality from causes other than pancreatic cancer in patients with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas. Pancreas. 2013;42:687–91.
Charlson M, Szatrowski TP, Peterson J, et al. Validation of a combined comorbidity index. J Clin Epidemiol. 1994;47:1245–51.
Lévy P, Jouannaud V, O’Toole D, et al. Natural history of intraductal papillary mucinous tumors of the pancreas: actuarial risk of malignancy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4:460–8.
Kim TH, Song TJ, Hwang JH, et al. Predictors of malignancy in pure branch duct type intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas: a nationwide multicenter study. Pancreatology. 2015;15:405–10.
Pai M, Senturk H, Lakhtakia S, et al. 351 endoscopic ultrasound guided radiofrequency ablation (EUS-RFA) for cystic neoplasms and neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas. Gastrointest Endosc. 2013;77:AB143–4.
Gomez V, Takahashi N, Levy MJ, et al. EUS-guided ethanol lavage does not reliably ablate pancreatic cystic neoplasms (with video). Gastrointest Endosc. 2016;83:914–20.
Oyama H, Tada M, Takagi K, et al. Long-term risk of malignancy in branch-duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms. Gastroenterology. 2020;158:226–37.
Muniraj T, Aslanian HR. Long-term follow-up of low-risk branch duct IPMNs of the pancreas: watch for main pancreatic duct dilatation, and for how long? Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2018;9:198.
Kwong WT, Hunt GC, Fehmi SM, et al. Low rates of malignancy and mortality in asymptomatic patients with suspected neoplastic pancreatic cysts beyond 5 years of surveillance. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14:865–71.
Berland LL, Silverman SG, Megibow AJ, et al. Managing incidental findings on abdominal CT: white paper of the ACR incidental findings committee. J Am Coll Radiol. 2010;7:754–73.
Chandwani R, Allen PJ. Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas. Annu Rev Med. 2016;67:45–57.
Jimenez RE, Warshaw AL, Z’Graggen K, et al. Sequential accumulation of K-ras mutations and p53 overexpression in the progression of pancreatic mucinous cystic neoplasms to malignancy. Ann Surg. 1999;230:501–9.
Iacobuzio-Donahue CA, Wilentz RE, Argani P, et al. Dpc4 protein in mucinous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas: frequent loss of expression in invasive carcinomas suggests a role in genetic progression. Am J Surg Pathol. 2000;24:1544–8.
Park JW, Jang JY, Kang MJ, et al. Mucinous cystic neoplasm of the pancreas: is surgical resection recommended for all surgically fit patients? Pancreatology. 2014;14:131–6.
Goh BK, Tan YM, Chung YF, et al. A review of mucinous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas defined by ovarian-type stroma: clinicopathological features of 344 patients. World J Surg. 2006;30:2236–45.
Procacci C, Carbognin G, Accordini S, et al. CT features of malignant mucinous cystic tumors of the pancreas. Eur Radiol. 2001;11:1626–30.
CrippaS SR, Warshaw AL, et al. Mucinous cystic neoplasm of the pancreas is not an aggressive entity: lessons from 163 resected patients. Ann Surg. 2008;247:571–9.
Procacci C, Graziani R, Bicego E, et al. Serous cystadenoma of the pancreas: report of 30 cases with emphasis on the imaging findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1997;21:373–82.
Belsley NA, Pitman MB, Lauwers GY, et al. Serous cystadenoma of the pancreas: limitations and pitfalls of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Cancer. 2008;114:102–10.
Papavramidis T, Papavramidis S. Solid pseudopapillary tumors of the pancreas: review of 718 patients reported in English literature. J Am Coll Surg. 2005;200:965–72.
Butte JM, Brennan MF, Gönen M, et al. Solid pseudopapillary tumors of the pancreas: clinical features, surgical outcomes, and long-term survival in 45 consecutive patients from a single center. J Gastrointest Surg. 2011;15(2):350–7.
Bhatnagar R, Olson MT, Fishman EK, Hruban RH, Lennon AM, Ali SZ. Solid-pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas: cytomorphologic findings and literature review. Acta Cytol. 2014;58(4):347–55.
Reddy S, Cameron JL, Scudiere J, et al. Surgical management of solid-pseudopapillary neoplasms of the pancreas (Franz or Hamoudi tumors): a large single-institutional series. J Am Coll Surg. 2009;208(5):950–7; discussion 957–959
Law JK, Ahmed A, Singh VK, et al. A systematic review of solid-pseudo-papillary neoplasms: are these rare lesions? Pancreas. 2014;43:331–7.
Hoi JY, Kim MJ, Kim JH, et al. Solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas: typical and atypical manifestations. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;187:W178–86.
Jani N, Dewitt J, Eloubeidi M, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration for diagnosis of solid pseudopapillary tumors of the pancreas: a multicenter experience. Endoscopy. 2008;40:200–3.
Li-Geng T, Cai G, Aslanian HR. EUS diagnosis of cystic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. VIDEOGIE. 2018;3(3):106–108.
Muniraj T, Vignesh S, Shetty S, Thiruvengadam S, Aslanian HR. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Dis Mon. 2013;59:5–19.
Kunz PL, Reidy-Lagunes D, Anthony LB, North American Neuroendocrine Tumor Society, et al. Consensus guidelines for the management and treatment of neuroendocrine tumours. Pancreas. 2013;42(4):557–77.
Boninsegna L, Partelli S, D’Innocenzio MM, et al. Pancreatic cystic endocrine tumors: a different morphological entity associated with a less aggressive behavior. Neuroendocrinology. 2010;92(4):246–51.
Gaujoux S, Tang L, Klimstra D, et al. The outcome of resected cystic pancreatic endocrine neoplasms: a case-matched analysis. Surgery. 2012;151(4):518–25.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Göktürk, S., Muniraj, T., Aslanian, H.R. (2021). Evaluation and Management of the Patient with a Pancreatic Cyst. In: Doria, C., Rogart, J.N. (eds) Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Malignancies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37482-2_27-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37482-2_27-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-37482-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-37482-2
eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine