Abstract
In this chapter, a description of the oxidoreductases class of enzymes has been given. Further, their practical applications are discussed for the purpose of industrial utilization of these enzymes. These versatile biological catalysts belong to a large group of enzymes which catalyze oxidoreduction reactions. Oxidoreductases catalyze the exchange of electrons between the donor and acceptor molecules, in reactions involving electron transfer, proton/hydrogen extraction, hydride transfer, oxygen insertion, or other important steps. These are ubiquitous in nature and catalyze a vast range of chemical reactions with high specificity, efficiency, and selectivity. Majority of oxidoreductases are nicotinamide cofactor-dependent enzymes which have a high preference for NAD or NADP. They are further classified in six major classes which are oxidases, dehydrogenases, hydroxylases, oxygenases, peroxidases and reductases. These enzymes have various redox-active centres for performing their functions. Oxidoreductase based catalysis fits well for industrial applications due to their biodegradability, specificity and efficiency, and therefore these enzymes are currently being utilized in the field of textiles, medicine, food and for chemical synthesis. They are being applied for: lignocellulosics biotransformation, carbohydrates derivatization, food and beverage improvement, dairy applications, environment protection, organic synthesis, nanomaterial and polymer synthesis, medicinal synthesis, and for other synthetic applications. Herein, a detailed description of these applications is given. Oxidoreductases may be used as better biocatalysts to replace the toxic/expensive chemicals, save on energy/resources consumption, create novel functionalities, or reduce adverse impacts on the environment. The application of these enzymes to new manufacturing areas is important for the future growth of industrial oxidoreductase biocatalysts.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abe K, Hiramoto T (2004) Deodorization method. In: Google Patents
Ahuja SK, Ferreira GM, Moreira AR (2004) Utilization of enzymes for environmental applications. Crit Rev Biotechnol 24:125–154
Alam MF, Laskar AA, Choudhary HH, Younus H (2016) Human salivary aldehyde dehydrogenase: purification, kinetic characterization and effect of ethanol, hydrogen peroxide and sodium dodecyl sulphate on the activity of the enzyme. Cell Biochem Biophys 74:307–315
Ali M, Husain Q (2018) Guar gum blended alginate/agarose hydrogel as a promising support for the entrapment of peroxidase: stability and reusability studies for the treatment of textile effluent. Int J Biol Macromol 116:463–471
Ali M, Ahmad M, Husain Q (2016) Redox mediated decolorization and detoxification of direct blue 80 by partially purified ginger (Zingiber officinale) peroxidase. Int J Environ Agri Res 2(4):19–30
Ali M, Husain Q, Ahmad M (2017) Enhanced catalytic activity and stability of ginger peroxidase immobilized on amino functionalized silica coated titanium dioxide nanocomposite. Water Air Soil Poll 222:28
Ali M, Husain Q, Sultana S, Ahmad M (2018) Immobilization of peroxidase on polypyrrole-cellulose-graphene oxide nanocomposite via non-covalent interactions for the degradation of reactive blue 4 dye. Chemosphere 202:198–207
Alphand V, Carrea G, Wohlgemuth R, Furstoss R, Woodley JM (2003) Towards large-scale synthetic applications of Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases. Trends Biotechnol 21:318–323
Alvarez S, Manolache S, Denes F (2003) Synthesis of polyaniline using horseradish peroxidase immobilized on plasma-functionalized polyethylene surfaces as initiator. J Appl Pol Sci 88:369–379
Amao Y, Watanabe T (2004) Photochemical and enzymatic synthesis of methanol from HCO3 − with dehydrogenases and Zinc Porphyrin. Chem Lett 33:1544–1545
Andersson M, Andersson T, Adlercreutz P, Nielsen T, Hornsten EG (2002) Toward an enzyme-based oxygen scavenging laminate. Influence of industrial lamination conditions on the performance of glucose oxidase. Biotechnol Bioeng 79:37–42
Anthony C (2004) The quinoprotein dehydrogenases for methanol and glucose. Arch Biochem Biophys 428:2–9
Balakshin MY, Evtuguin DV, Pascoal Neto C, Cavaco-Paulo A (2001) Polyoxometalates as mediators in the laccase catalyzed delignification. J Mol Catal B Enzymatic 16:131–140
Bannwarth M, Bastian S, Heckmann-Pohl D, Giffhorn F, Schulz GE (2004) Crystal structure of pyranose 2-oxidase from the white-rot fungus Peniophora sp. Biochemistry 43:11683–11690
Bell SG, Orton E, Boyd H, Stevenson JA, Riddle A, Campbell S, Wong LL (2003) Engineering cytochrome P450cam into an alkane hydroxylase. Dalton Transac 11:2133–2140
Brady R, Cheng HN, Haandrikman A, Moore A, Kuo PK, McNabola W, Wheeler C, Xu ZF, Riehle R, Nguyen T (2002). Reduced molecular weight galactomannans oxidized by galactose oxidase. In: Google Patents
Branchaud BP, Walsh CT (1985) Functional group diversity in enzymic oxygenation reactions catalyzed by bacterial flavin-containing cyclohexanone oxygenase. J Am Chem Soc 107:2153–2161
Breuer M, Ditrich K, Habicher T, Hauer B, Kesseler M, Sturmer R, Zelinski T (2004) Industrial methods for the production of optically active intermediates. Angew Chem 43:788–824
Bugg TD (2001) Oxygenases: mechanisms and structural motifs for O 2 activation. Curr Opin Chem Biol 5:550–555
Burton SG (2003a) Oxidizing enzymes as biocatalysts. Trends Biotechnol 21:543–549
Burton SG (2003b) Laccases and phenol oxidases in organic synthesis - a review. Curr Org Chem 7:1317–1331
Cameron MD, Aust SD (2001) Cellobiose dehydrogenase–an extracellular fungal flavocytochrome. Enzym Microb Technol 28:129–138
Casey R, West SI, Hardy D, Robinson DS, Wu Z, Hughes RK (1999) New frontiers in food enzymology: recombinant lipoxygenases. Trends Food Sci Technol 10:297–302
Chung YC, Ho ML, Chyan FL, Jiang ST (2000) Utilization of freeze-dried mackerel (Scomber australasicus) muscle proteins as a binder in restructured meat. Fisheries Sci 66:130–135
Claus H (2004) Laccases: structure, reactions, distribution. Micron 35:93–96
Colonna S, Pironti V, Carrea G, Pasta P, Zambianchi F (2004) Oxidation of secondary amines by molecular oxygen and cyclohexanone monooxygenase. Tetrahedron 60:569–575
Conesa A, Punt PJ, Van den Hondel CA (2002) Fungal peroxidases: molecular aspects and applications. J Biotechnol 93:143–158
Dondero M, EgaÑA W, Tarky W, Cifuentes A, Torres JA (1993) Glucose oxidase/catalase improves preservation of Shrimp (Heterocarpus reedi). J Food Sci 58:774–779
Durán N, Esposito E (2000) Potential applications of oxidative enzymes and phenoloxidase-like compounds in wastewater and soil treatment: a review. Appl Catal B Environ 28:83–99
Durán N, Rosa MA, D’Annibale A, Gianfreda L (2002) Applications of laccases and tyrosinases (phenoloxidases) immobilized on different supports: a review. Enzym Microb Technol 31:907–931
Ellis EM (2002) Microbial aldo-keto reductases. FEMS Microbiol Lett 216:123–131
Fakoussa R, Hofrichter M (1999) Biotechnology and microbiology of coal degradation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 52:25–40
Fetzner S (2002) Oxygenases without requirement for cofactors or metal ions. App Microbiol Biotechnol 60:243–257
Fomenko DE, Gladyshev VN (2012) Comparative genomics of thiol oxidoreductases reveals widespread and essential functions of thiol-based redox control of cellular processes. Antioxid Redox Signal 16:193–201
Forrest GL, Gonzalez B (2000) Carbonyl reductase. Chem Int 129:21–40
Furukawa K (2000) Engineering dioxygenases for efficient degradation of environmental pollutants. Curr Opin Biotechnol 11:244–249
Ghaffar T, Irshad M, Anwar Z, Aqil T, Zulifqar Z, Tariq A, Kamran M, Ehsan N, Mehmood S (2014) Recent trends in lactic acid biotechnology: a brief review on production to purification. J Radiat Res Appl Sci 7:222–229
Gibson DT, Parales RE (2000) Aromatic hydrocarbon dioxygenases in environmental biotechnology. Curr Opin Biotechnol 11:236–243
Gutiérrez LF, Hamoudi S, Belkacemi K (2012) Lactobionic acid: a high value-added lactose derivative for food and pharmaceutical applications. Int Dairy J 26:103–111
Hoeegh L (2004) Method of improving the hydration of pasta and preparation of pasta products. In: Google Patents
Husain Q (2006) Potential applications of the oxidoreductive enzymes in the decolorization and detoxification of textile and other synthetic dyes from polluted water: a review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 26:201–221
Husain Q (2010) Peroxidase mediated decolorization and remediation of wastewater containing industrial dyes: a review. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol 9(2):117–140
Husain Q (2017) High yield immobilization and stabilization of oxidoreductases using magnetic nanosupports and their potential applications: an update. Current Catal 6(3):168–187
Husain M, Husain Q (2008) Applications of redox mediators in the treatment of organic pollutants by using oxidoreductive enzymes: a review. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 38(1):1–42
Husain Q, Ulber R (2011) Immobilized peroxidase as a valuable tool in the remediation of aromatic pollutants and xenobiotic compounds: a review. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 41(8):770–804
Husain Q, Husain M, Kulshrestha Y (2009) Remediation and treatment of organo-pollutants mediated by peroxidases: a review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 29(2):94–119
Husain Q, Karim Z, Rizvi ZA (2011) Oxidative degradation and polymerization of methyl parathion, a pesticide by using fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum graecum L) peroxidase. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 30(2):392–398
Imhoff RD, Power NP, Borrok MJ, Tipton PA (2003) General base catalysis in the urate oxidase reaction: evidence for a novel Thr-Lys catalytic diad. Biochemistry 42:4094–4100
Jadan AP, Moonen MJH, Boeren S, Golovleva LA, Rietjens IMCM, Van Berkel WJH (2004) Biocatalytic potential of p-Hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase from Rhodococcus rhodnii 135 and Rhodococcus opacus 557. Adv Synth Catal 346:367–375
Jin Z, Su Y, Duan Y (2001) A novel method for polyaniline synthesis with the immobilized horseradish peroxidase enzyme. Synth Metals 122:237–242
Junghanns C, Moeder M, Krauss G, Martin C, Schlosser D (2005) Degradation of the xenoestrogen nonylphenol by aquatic fungi and their laccases. Microbiology 151:45–57
Kagan HM, Li W (2003) Lysyl oxidase: properties, specificity, and biological roles inside and outside of the cell. J Cell Biochem 88:660–672
Karim Z, Husain Q (2009) Redox-mediated oxidation and removal of aromatic amines from synthetic water by partially purified bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) peroxidase. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 63(5):587–593
Karim Z, Husain Q (2010) Removal of anthracene from polluted water by immobilized peroxidase from Momordica charantia in batch process as well as in a continuous spiral-bed reactor. J Mol Catal B Enzym 66(3–4):302–310
Karim Z, Husain Q (2011) Removal of benzidine from polluted water by soluble and immobilized peroxidase in batch processes and continuous horizontal bed-reactor. Environ Technol 32:83–91
Karlsson S, Holmbom B, Spetz P, Mustranta A, Buchert J (2001) Reactivity of Trametes laccases with fatty and resin acids. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 55:317–320
Karmali A, Coelho J (2011) Bioconversion of D-glucose into D-glucosone by glucose 2-oxidase from Coriolus versicolor at moderate pressures. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 163:906–917
Kimoto N, Yamamoto H (2004). Novel enone reductases isolated from Kluyveromyces lactis, methods for producing same, and methods for selectively reducing a carbon-carbon double bond of an Alpha, Beta-unsaturated ketone using the reductases. In: Google Patents
Kirk TK, Farrell RL (1987) Enzymatic “combustion”: the microbial degradation of lignin. Annu Rev Microbiol 41:465–501
Kirk O, Borchert TV, Fuglsang CC (2002) Industrial enzyme applications. Curr Opin Biotechnol 13:345–351
Kohajdová Z, Karovičová J, Schmidt Š (2009) Significance of emulsifiers and hydrocolloids in bakery industry. Acta Chimica Slovaca 2:46–61
Koka R, Mehnert D, Fritsch R, Steffan W, Habermeier P, Bradbury A, Wolfschoon-Pombo A, Rose M (2004) Process for manufacturing cheeses and other dairy products and products thereof. In: Google Patents
Lai YC, Lin SC (2005) Application of immobilized horseradish peroxidase for the removal of p-chlorophenol from aqueous solution. Process Biochem 40:1167–1174
Lal GK, Turksma H, Van PK. PAM, Winkel C (1998). Debittering of olive oil. In: Google Patents
Laskar AA, Alam MF, Younus H (2017) In vitro activity and stability of pure human salivary aldehyde dehydrogenase. Int J Biol Macromol 96:798–806
Leonowicz A, Cho NS, Luterek J, Wilkolazka A, Wojtas-Wasilewska M, Matuszewska A, Hofrichter M, Wesenberg D, Rogalski J (2001) Fungal laccase: properties and activity on lignin. J Basic Microbiol 41:185–227
Leskovac V, Trivic S, Pericin D (2002) The three zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenases from baker’s yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 2:481–494
Lütz S, Steckhan E, Liese A (2004) First asymmetric electroenzymatic oxidation catalyzed by a peroxidase. Electrochem Commun 6:583–587
Madhavi V, Lele S (2009) Laccase: properties and applications. BioRes 4:1694–1717
Martínez AT, Ruiz-Dueñas FJ, Camarero S, Serrano A, Linde D et al (2017) Oxidoreductases on their way to industrial biotransformations. Biotechnol Adv 35(6):815–831
Mason J, Briganti F, Wild J (1997) Protein engineering for improved biodegradation of recalcitrant pollutants. Persp Bioremed (Springer) 19:107–118
Massey V (2000) The chemical and biological versatility of riboflavin. Biochem Soc Trans 28:283–296
Matto M, Husain Q (2009) Decolorization of textile effluent by bitter gourd peroxidase immobilized on concanavalin a layered calcium alginate-starch beads. J Hazard Mater 164(2–3):1540–1546
May SW, Padgette SR (1983) Oxidoreductase enzymes in biotechnology: current status and future potential. Nat Biotech 1:677–686
Mayer G, Kulbe KD, Nidetzky B (2002) Utilization of xylitol dehydrogenase in a combined microbial/enzymatic process for production of xylitol from D-glucose. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 98:577–589
Mikolasch A, Niedermeyer THJ, Lalk M, Witt S, Seefeldt S, Hammer E, Schauer F, Gesell Salazar M, Hessel S, Jülich WD (2007) Novel cephalosporins synthesized by amination of 2, 5-dihydroxybenzoic acid derivatives using fungal laccases II. Chem Pharma bulletin 55:412–416
Minussi RC, Pastore GM, Duran N (2002) Potential applications of laccase in the food industry. Trends Food Sci Technol 13:205–216
Miwa N, Kumazawa Y, Nakagoshi H, Sakaguchi S (2004). Method for modifying raw material milk and dairy product prepared by using the modified raw material milk. In: Google Patents
Nanda S, Yadav JS (2003) Lipoxygenase biocatalysis: a survey of asymmetric oxygenation. J Mol Catal B: Enzymatic 26:3–28
Nicholas C, Lewis S (1999) Fundamentals of enzymology: the cell and molecular biology of catalytic proteins. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Ose T, Watanabe K, Mie T, Honma M, Watanabe H, Yao M, Oikawa H, Tanaka I (2003) Insight into a natural Diels-Alder reaction from the structure of macrophomate synthase. Nature 422:185–189
Oubrie A (2003) Structure and mechanism of soluble glucose dehydrogenase and other PQQ-dependent enzymes. Biochim Biophys Act (BBA) Prot Proteom 1647:143–151
Pilone MS, Pollegioni L (2002) D-amino acid oxidase as an industrial biocatalyst. Biocatal Biotransformation 20:145–159
Pollegioni L, Diederichs K, Molla G, Umhau S, Welte W, Ghisla S, Pilone MS (2002) Yeast D-amino acid oxidase: structural basis of its catalytic properties. J Mol Biol 324:535–546
Poulos TL (2005) Structural and functional diversity in heme monooxygenases. Drug Metab Dispos 33:10–18
Primo-Martin C, Valera R, Martinez-Anaya MA (2003) Effect of pentosanase and oxidases on the characteristics of doughs and the glutenin macropolymer (GMP). J Agric Food Chem 51:4673–4679
Que L, Watanabe Y (2001) Oxygenase pathways: Oxo, peroxo, and superoxo. Science 292:651–653
Rasiah IA, Sutton KH, Low FL, Lin HM, Gerrard JA (2005) Crosslinking of wheat dough proteins by glucose oxidase and the resulting effects on bread and croissants. Food Chem 89:325–332
Rhee SG, Kang SW, Chang TS, Jeong W, Kim K (2001) Peroxiredoxin, a novel family of peroxidases. IUBMB Life 52:35–41
Roberts SM (2004) Biocatalysts in synthetic organic chemistry. Tetrahedron 60:499–500
Sagui F, Chirivì C, Fontana G, Nicotra S, Passarella D, Riva S, Danieli B (2009) Laccase-catalyzed coupling of catharanthine and vindoline: an efficient approach to the bisindole alkaloid anhydrovinblastine. Tetrahedron 65:312–317
Santaniello E, Ferraboschi P, Grisenti P, Manzocchi A (1992) The biocatalytic approach to the preparation of enantiomerically pure chiral building blocks. Chem Rev 92:1071–1140
Schmid RD, Urlacher V (2007) Modern biooxidation: enzymes, reactions and applications. Wiley, Weinheim
Schultz A, Jonas U, Hammer E, Schauer F (2001) Dehalogenation of chlorinated hydroxybiphenyls by fungal laccase. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:4377–4381
Sedmera P, Halada P, Peterbauer C, Volc J (2004) A new enzyme catalysis: 3,4-dioxidation of some aryl β-d-glycopyranosides by fungal pyranose dehydrogenase. Tetrahedron Lett 45:8677–8680
Sellés Vidal L, Kelly CL, Mordaka PM, Heap JT (2018) Review of NAD(P)H-dependent oxidoreductases: properties, engineering and application. Biochim Biophys Acta 1866(2):327–347
Shaffiqu T, Roy JJ, Nair RA, Abraham TE (2002) Degradation of textile dyes mediated by plant peroxidases. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 102:315–326
Sharp KH, Moody PCE, Raven EL (2003) A new framework for understanding substrate binding and functional diversity in haem peroxidases. Dalton Trans 22:4208–4215
Shleev SV, Khan IG, Gazaryan IG, Morozova OV, Yaropolov AI (2003) Novel laccase redox mediators: spectral, electrochemical, and kinetic properties. App Biochem Biotechnol 111:167–184
Shul’pin GB (2016) New trends in oxidative functionalization of carbon–hydrogen bonds: a review. Catalysts 6:50
Sivan A (2011) New perspectives in plastic biodegradation. Curr Opin Biotechnol 22:422–426
Srivastava S, Spite M, Trent JO, West MB, Ahmed Y, Bhatnagar A (2004) Aldose reductase-catalyzed reduction of aldehyde phospholipids. J Biol Chem 279:53395–53406
Stewart JD (2001) Dehydrogenases and transaminases in asymmetric synthesis. Curr Opin Chem Biol 5:120–129
Sun Y, Li T, Chen H, Zhang K, Zheng K, Mu Y, Yan G, Li W, Shen J, Luo G (2004) Selenium-containing 15-mer peptides with high glutathione peroxidase-like activity. J Biol Chem 279:37235–37240
Suzuki S, Kataoka K, Yamaguchi K (2000) Metal coordination and mechanism of multicopper nitrite reductase. Acc Chem Res 33:728–735
Thorpe C, Hoober KL, Raje S, Glynn NM, Burnside J, Turi GK, Coppock DL (2002) Sulfhydryl oxidases: emerging catalysts of protein disulfide bond formation in eukaryotes. Arch Biochem Biophys 405:1–12
Toone EJ (2010) Advances in enzymology and related areas of molecular biology, Protein evolution, vol 75. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ
Van de Velde F, Van Rantwijk F, Sheldon RA (2001) Improving the catalytic performance of peroxidases in organic synthesis. Trends Biotechnol 19:73–80
Van den Heuvel RHH, Van den Berg WAM, Rovida S, Van Berkel WJH (2004) Laboratory-evolved vanillyl-alcohol oxidase produces natural vanillin. J Biol Chem 279:33492–33500
Veitch NC (2004) Horseradish peroxidase: a modern view of a classic enzyme. Phytochemistry 65:249–259
Vert M, Chiellini E, Gil H, Braunegg G, Buchert J, Gatenholm P, van den Zee M (2001) Biorelated polymers: sustainable polymer science and technology. Kluwer, New York
Webb EC (1992) Enzyme nomenclature 1992. Recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology on the nomenclature and classification of enzymes. Academic, San Diego, CA
Wesenberg D, Kyriakides I, Agathos SN (2003) White-rot fungi and their enzymes for the treatment of industrial dye effluents. Biotechnol Adv 22:161–187
Whittaker JW (2003) Free radical catalysis by galactose oxidase. Chem Rev 103:2347–2364
Wong CH, Whitesides GM (1994) Enzymes in synthetic organic chemistry, vol 12. Academic, Burlington
Xu P, Kaplan DL (2004) Horseradish peroxidase catalyzed polymerization of tyrosine derivatives for Nanoscale surface patterning. J Macromol Sci Part A 41:1437–1445
Xu F, Golightly EJ, Duke KR, Lassen SF, Knusen B, Christensen S, Brown KM, Brown SH, Schülein M (2001) Humicola insolens cellobiose dehydrogenase: cloning, redox chemistry, and “logic gate”-like dual functionality. Enzym Microb Technol 28:744–753
Yagi T, Seo BB, Di Bernardo S, Nakamaru-Ogiso E, Kao MC, Matsuno-Yagi A (2001) NADH dehydrogenases: from basic science to biomedicine. J Bioenerget Biomem 33:233–242
Yamazaki SI, Morioka C, Itoh S (2004) Kinetic evaluation of catalase and peroxygenase activities of tyrosinase. Biochemistry 43:11546–11553
Zhang X, Eigendorf G, Stebbing D, Mansfield S, Saddler J (2002) Degradation of trilinolein by laccase enzymes. Arch Biochem Biophys 405:44–54
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Younus, H. (2019). Oxidoreductases: Overview and Practical Applications. In: Husain, Q., Ullah, M. (eds) Biocatalysis. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25023-2_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25023-2_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-25022-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-25023-2
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)