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Disruption of the Microbiota-Gut-Brain (MGB) Axis and Mental Health of Astronauts During Long-Term Space Travel

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Handbook of the Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders

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Abstract

As the successful launch of the SpaceX Falcon Heavy initiates a new era in space exploration, with an interplanetary mission to Mars in sight, NASA has identified health priorities for its basic research agenda, with diet and mental health being at the top. Some NASA studies have examined the emerging role of the human microbiome, reporting changes in both astronauts and experimental animals under space conditions. Other observations have pointed to the critical behavioral changes in astronauts and animals in space. However, the relationship between gut microbiota, the brain, and behavior has been overlooked in this context. This review introduces to space research the concept of a link between gut microbiota and the mental health of space travelers. The bidirectional microbiota-gut-brain [MGB] axis is linked to physiological changes, symptoms and behavior in astronauts and animals. In that context, the significant role of the cerebellum in the regulation of visceral functions, movement, cognition, and emotions should not be overlooked. Disruption of the MGB axis including the cerebellum and physiological, behavioral, and cognitive changes in astronauts provide the basis for the hypothesis of converging impacts of environmental factors including diet, microgravity, stress, and radiation on gut microbiota. It posits the central role of microbiota in the response of the human body to space and astronauts’ health status during long-term space travel. This review also probes the unique physiological and behavioral mechanisms in male vs. female organisms. All of the factors above may affect the selection of candidates for long-term space travel. This chapter concludes with a consideration of how to minimize the effect of space travel on gut microbiota and mental health.

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Acknowledgments

This project was supported by the CePT infrastructure financed by the European Regional Development Fund with the Operational Programme “Innovative Economy” for 2007–2013.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Center for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

    Elżbieta M. Sajdel-Sulkowska

  2. Department of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Elżbieta M. Sajdel-Sulkowska

Authors
  1. Elżbieta M. Sajdel-Sulkowska
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Correspondence to Elżbieta M. Sajdel-Sulkowska .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. CHU-Charleroi, University of Mons, Charleroi, Belgium

    Mario U. Manto

  2. Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA

    Donna L. Gruol

  3. Ataxia Center, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Jeremy D. Schmahmann

  4. Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan

    Noriyuki Koibuchi

  5. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA

    Roy V. Sillitoe

Section Editor information

  1. Molecular and Integrative Neuroscience Department (MIND), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA

    Donna L. Gruol

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Sajdel-Sulkowska, E.M. (2022). Disruption of the Microbiota-Gut-Brain (MGB) Axis and Mental Health of Astronauts During Long-Term Space Travel. In: Manto, M.U., Gruol, D.L., Schmahmann, J.D., Koibuchi, N., Sillitoe, R.V. (eds) Handbook of the Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23810-0_54

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