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Hepatitis E Virus

Viral Infections of Humans

Abstract

The causative agent of hepatitis E, hepatitis E virus (HEV), is a small positive-sense RNA virus that is classified in the family Hepeviridae. The species Orthohepevirus A contain at least eight distinct genotypes: HEV-1 and HEV-2 are restricted to humans, whereas HEV-3 and HEV-4 are zoonotic. Genetic identification of HEV strains from more than a dozen animal species have not only broadened the host range and diversity of HEV but also raised public health concerns for zoonotic HEV transmission and food safety. The HEV genome consists of three open reading frames (ORF): ORF1 encodes nonstructural proteins, ORF2 encodes the capsid protein, and ORF3 encodes a membrane ion channel protein. As a fecal-orally transmitted disease, waterborne transmission due to fecal contamination of water supplies remains a main transmission route, although other routes such as zoonotic, vertical, foodborne, and bloodborne transmissions have also been documented. Hepatitis E is generally a self-limiting acute disease; however, chronic hepatitis E has increasingly become a significant clinical problem in immunocompromised individuals such as organ transplant recipients. A relatively high mortality rate of up to 25% has been associated with HEV infection during pregnancy. HEV infection has also been linked to neurological diseases such as Guillain-Barrê syndrome and neuralgic amyotrophy. Currently there are no FDA-approved diagnostic assays for HEV. A vaccine against HEV was licensed for use only in China but not elsewhere. Pegylated-interferon-α and ribavirin have been shown to inhibit HEV and improve liver histology in infected patients, although a HEV-specific antiviral is lacking.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA

    Xiang-Jin Meng

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  1. School of Public Health, Yale University, Washington, DC, USA

    Richard A. Kaslow

  2. Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

    Lawrence R. Stanberry

  3. Cters for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonoti, Fort Collins, CO, USA

    Ann M. Powers

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  1. Departmant of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA

    Lawrence R. Stanberry

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Meng, XJ. (2023). Hepatitis E Virus. In: Kaslow, R.A., Stanberry, L.R., Powers, A.M. (eds) Viral Infections of Humans. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9544-8_18-2

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    Hepatitis E Virus
    Published:
    14 May 2023

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9544-8_18-2

  2. Original

    Hepatitis E Virus
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    22 April 2023

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9544-8_18-1

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