Abstract
Two books published in 1947 were of interest to psychologists. The first book was Halstead’s (1947) Brain and Intelligence. This book served as the development of what is now known as the Halstead—Reitan Battery of Neuropsychological Tests (HRB), which for the past nearly 50 years has had a major impact on the field of human clinical neuropsychology by (1) expanding knowledge on brain—behavior relations, and (2) validating studies that have influenced clinical practice. More research has been done with this battery of tests than any other single neuropsychological battery. In the 1930s and 1940s, Halstead’s work was not universally accepted. Dr. Earl Walker, a neurosurgeon and colleague of Halstead at the University of Chicago, wrote, “since this battery was quite unique and a departure from most of the previous tests of brain functions, Dr. Halstead found some reluctance on the part of classical psychologists to accept his criteria” (Reed, 1984, p. 290). Dr. Paul Bucy, another neurosurgeon and also a colleague of Halstead, wrote
Ward Halstead developed a method of assessing the patient’s emotional and psychological situation which was relatively free of subjective evaluation by the examiner. The examination could be repeated in the same way over and over again and after considerable intervals. It was criticized by some as being too mechanical but I think this criticism was false. (Reed, 1984, p. 290)
Change is slow to occur; there are neuropsychologists still around who have some reluctance to accept the Halstead tests and there are those today who still criticize the HRB as being too mechanical. We think that criticism is false also.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders ( 4th ed. ). Washington, DC: Author.
Benton, A. (1992). Clinical neuropsychology: 1960–1990. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 14, 407–417.
Braff, D. L., Heaton, R., Kuck, J., Cullum, M., Moranville, J., Grant, I., Zisook, S. (1991). The gen-eralized pattern of neuropsychological deficits in outpatients with chronic schizophrenia with het-erogeneous Wisconsin Card Sorting Test results. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 891–898.
Bryson, A. J., Silverstein, M. L., Nathan, A., Stephen, L. (1993). Differential rate of neuropsycho-logical dysfunction in psychiatric disorders: Comparison between the Halstead-Reitan and Luria-Nebraska batteries. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 76, 305–306.
Cameron, N. (1944). The functional psychoses. In J. McV. Hunt (Ed.), Personality and the behavior disorders (Vol. I, pp. 861–921 ). New York: Ronald Press.
Choca, J. P., Laatsch, L., Wetzel, L., Agresti, A. (1993, August). The Halstead Category Test: Afiftyyear perspective. J. P. Choca (Chair), Symposium conducted at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Canada.
Clark, C., Klonoff, E (1988). Reliability and construct validity of the six-block Tactual Performance Test in an adult sample. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 10, 175–184.
Cullum, C. M., Thompson, L. L., Heaton, R. K. (1989). The use of the Halstead-Reitan battery with older adults. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 5, 595–610.
Dikmen, S., Machamer, J., Temkin, N., McLean, A. (1990). Neuropsychological recovery in patients with moderate to severe head injury: 2 year follow-up. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 12, 507–519.
Dikmen, S., McLean, A., Temkin, N. (1986). Neuropsychological and psychosocial consequences of minor head injury. Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry, 49, 1227–1232.
Dikmen, S., McLean, A., Temkin, N. R., Wyler, A. R. (1986). Neuropsychologic outcome at one-month post injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 67, 507–513.
Dikmen, S. S., Temkin, N. R., Machamer, J. E., Holubkou, A. L., Fraser, R. T., Winn, R. (1994). Employment following traumatic head injuries. Archives of Neurology, 51, 177–186.
Donders, J., Kirsch, N. (1991). Nature and implications of selective impairment on the Booklet Category Test and Wisconsin Card Sorting test. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 5, 78–82.
Elias, M. F., Robbins, M. A., Schultz, N. R., Jr., Pierce, T. W. (1990). Is blood pressure an important variable in research on aging and neuropsychological test performance? Journal of Gerontology, 45, 128–135.
Elias, M. F., Robbins, M. A., Walter, L. J., Schultz, N. R., Jr. (1993). The influence of gender and age on Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological test performance. Journal of Gerontology, 48, 278–281.
Farmer, M. E. (1994). Cognitive deficits related to major organ failure: The potential role of neuro-psychological testing. Neuropsychology Review, 4, 117–160.
Filley, C. M., Heaton, R. K., Rosenberg, N. L. (1990). White matter dementia in chronic toluene abuse. Neurology, 40, 532–534.
Fitzhugh, K. B., Fitzhugh, L. D., Reitan, R. M. (1962). Wechsler Bellevue comparisons in groups with “chronic” and “current” lateralized diffuse brain lesions. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 26, 303–310.
Gardner, E. (1947). Fundamentals of neurology. Philadelphia: Saunders.
Goldberg, T. E., Kelsoe, J. R., Weinberger, D. R., Pliskin, N. H., Kirwin, P. D., Berman, K. F. (1988). Performance of schizophrenic patients on putative neuropsychological tests of frontal lobe function. International Journal of Neuroscience, 42, 51–58.
Goldstein, G. (1986). An overview of similarities and differences between the Halstead-Reitan and Luria-Nebraska neuropsychological batteries. In T. Incagnoli, G. Goldstein, C. J. Golden (Eds.), Clinical application of neuropsychological test batteries (pp. 235–275 ). New York: Plenum Press.
Goldstein, G. (1987). Neuropsychological assessment batteries for rehabilitation: Fixed batteries, automated systems and non-psychometric methods. In M. Meier, A. Benton, L. Diller (Eds.), Neuropsychological rehabilitation (pp. 18–40 ). New York: Guilford Press.
Goldstein, G. (1991). Comprehensive neuropsychological test batteries and research in schizophrenia. In S. R. Steinhauer, J. H. Gruzelier, J. Zubin (Eds.), Handbook of Schizophrenia: Vol. 5. Neuro-psychology, psychophysiology, and information processing (pp. 525–551 ). New York: Elsevier.
Goldstein, G. (1994). Neurobehavioral heterogeneity in schizophrenia. Archives of Clinical Neuro-psychology, 9, 265–276.
Goldstein, G., Materson, B. J., Cushman, W. C., Reda, D. J., Freis, E. D., Ramirez, E. A., Talmers, F. N., White, T. D., Nunn, S., Chapman, R. H., Khatri, I., Schnaper, H., Thomas, J. R., Henderson, W. C., Fye, C. (1990). Treatment of hypertension in the elderly: II. Cognitive and behavioral function. Hypertension, 15, 361–369.
Goldstein, G., Watson, J. R. (1989). Test-retest reliability of the Halstead-Reitan battery and the WAIS in a neuropsychiatrie population. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 3, 265–273.
Goldstein, G., Zubin, J. (1990). Neuropsychological differences between young and old schizophren- ics with and without associated neurological dysfunction. Schizophrenia Research, 3, 117–126.
Goldstein, G., Zubin, J., Pogue-Geile, M. F. (1991). Hospitalization and the cognitive deficits of schizophrenia. The influences of age and education. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 179, 202–206.
Goldstein, K., Scheerer, M. (1941). Abstract and concrete behavior: An experimental study with special tests. Psychological Monographs, 53 ( 2, Serial No. 239).
Grant, I., Heaton, R. K. (1990). Human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) and the brain. Jour-nal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 22–30.
Halstead, W. C. (1947). Brain and intelligence: A quantitative study of the frontal lobes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Harris, M. J., Jeste, D. V., Krull, A., Montague, J., Heaton, R. K. (1991). Deficit syndrome in older schizophrenic patients. Psychiatry Research, 39, 285–292.
Heaton, R. K., Grant, I., Matthews, C. G. (1986). Differences in neuropsychological test performance associated with age, education, and sex. In I. Grant K. M. Adams (Eds.), Neuropsy- chological assessment in neuropsychiatric disorders: Clinical methods and empirical findings (pp. 100–120 ). New York: Oxford University Press.
Heaton, R. K., Grant, I., Matthews, C. G. (1991). Comprehensive norms for an expanded Halstead-Reitan battery. Demographic corrections, research findings, and clinical applications. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Heaton, R. K., Paulsen, J. S., McAdams, L. A., Cuck, J., Zisook, S., Graff, B., Harris, M. J., Jeste, E. V. (1994). Neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 469–476.
Heaton, R. K., Velin, R. A., McCutchan, J. A., Gulevich, S. J., Atkinson, J. H., Wallace, M. R., Godfrey, H. P., Kirson, D. A., Grant, I. (1994). Neuropsychological impairment in human immunodeficiency virus-infection: Implications for employment. Psychosomatic Medicine, 56, 8–17.
Heilbronner, R. L., Parsons, O. A. (1989). Clinical utility of the Tactual Performance Test: Issues of lateralization and cognitive style. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 3, 250–264.
Horn, J. (1991). Contributions of the Halstead-Reitan battery in the neuropsychological investigation of stroke. In R. A. Bomstein L. C. Brown (Eds.), Neurobehavioral aspects of cerebrovascular disease (pp. 165–181 ). New York: Oxford University Press.
Horn, J. (1992). General and specific cognitive dysfunction in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 7, 121–133.
Horn, J. (1993). Brain tumors and dementia. In R. W. Parks, R. E. Zec, R. S. Wilson (Eds.), Neuro-psychology of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias (pp. 210–233 ). New York: Oxford University Press.
Hom, J., Reitan, R. M. (1984). Neuropsychological correlates of rapidly vs. slowly growing intrinsic cerebral neoplasms. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 3, 303–324.
Hom, J., Reitan, R. M. (1990). Generalized cognitive function after stroke. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 12, 644–654.
Horn, J., Turner, M. B., Risser, R., Bonte, F. J., Tintiner, R. (1994). Cognitive deficits in asymptomatic first-degree relatives of Alzheimer’s disease patients. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 16, 568–576.
Kane, R. L. (1991). Standardized and flexible batteries in neuropsychology: An assessment update. Neuropsychology Review, 2, 281–339.
Kane, R. L., Parsons, O. A., Goldstein, G., Moses, J. A. (1987). Diagnostic accuracy of the Halstead-Reitan and Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological batteries: Performance of clinical raters. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 783–784.
Leckliter, I. N., Matarazzo, D. (1989). The influence of age, education, IQ, gender, and alcohol abuse on Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery performance. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45, 484–512.
Lezak, M. D. (1983). Neuropsychological assessment ( 2nd ed. ). New York: Oxford University Press.
Lezak, M. D. (1987). Assessment for rehabilitation planning. In M. Meier, A. Benton, L. Diller (Eds.), Neuropsychological rehabilitation (pp. 41–58 ). New York: Guilford Press.
Mahalanobis, P. C. (1936). On the generalized distance function in statistics. International Science Congress, India, XII, 49–55.
Matarazzo, J. D. (1972). Wechsler’s measurement and appraisal of adult intelligence. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.
Meier, M., Benton, A., Diller, L. (Eds.). (1987). Neuropsychological rehabilitation. New York: Guilford Press.
Meyerink, L. H. (1982). Intellectual functioning: The nature and patterns of change with aging. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Arizona, 1982). Dissertation Abstracts International, 43, 855B.
Moehle, K. A., Long, C. J. (1989). Models of aging and neuropsychological test performance decline with aging. Journal of Gerontology, 44, 176–177.
O’Malley, S., Adamse, M., Heaton, R. K., Gawin, E H. (1992). Neuropsychological impairment in chronic cocaine abusers. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 18, 131–44.
Parsons, O. A. (1986). Overview of the Halstead-Reitan battery. In T. Incagnoli, G. Goldstein, C. J. Golden (Eds.), Clinical application of neuropsychological test batteries (pp. 155–192 ). New York: Plenum Press.
Perrin, K. (1993). Differential aspects of conceptual processing in the Category and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 15, 447–626.
Preiss, J., Hynek, K. (1991). The Halstead-Reitan neuropsychology battery. Initial experience with its use in Czechoslovakia. Ceskoslovenska Psychiatrie, 87 (5–6), 249–54.
Rappaport, D. (1945). Diagnostic psychological testing (Vol. 1 ). Chicago: Yearbook Publications.
Reed, H. B. C., Reitan, R. M. (1963). Change in psychological test performance associated with the normal aging process. Journal of Gerontology, 18, 271–274.
Reed, J. C. (1984). The contribution of Ward Halstead, Ralph Reitan, and their associates. International Journal of Neuroscience, 25, 289–293.
Reitan, R. M. (1955a). Certain differential effects of left and right cerebral lesions in human adults. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 48, 474–477.
Reitan, R. M. (1955b). An investigation of the validity of Halstead’s measures of biological intelligence. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 73, 28–35.
Reitan, R. M. (1959). The comparative effects of brain damage on the Halstead Impairment Index and the Wechsler-Bellevue Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 15, 281–285.
Reitan, R. M. (1964). Psychological deficits resulting from cerebral lesions in man. In J. M. Warren K. A. Akert (Eds.), The frontal granular cortex and behavior (pp. 295–312 ). New York: McGraw Hill.
Reitan, R. M. (1984). Aphasia and sensory perceptual deficits in adults. Tucson, AZ: Neuropsychology Press.
Reitan, R. M. (1988). Integration of neuropsychological theory, assessment, and application. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 2, 331–349.
Reitan, R. M. (1994). Ward Halstead’s contribution to neuropsychology and the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 50, 47–80.
Reitan, R. M., Davison, L. A. (Eds.). (1974). Clinical neuropsychology: Current status and applications. Washington, DC: V. H. Winston Sons.
Reitan, R. M., Horn, J., Wolfson, D. (1988). Verbal processing by the brain. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 10, 400–408.
Reitan, R. M., Sena, D. (1983, August). The efficacy of the REHABIT techniques in remediation of brain-injured people. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Anaheim, CA.
Reitan, R. M., Wolfson, D. (1985). The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery. Tucson, AZ: Neuropsychology Press.
Reitan, R. M., Wolfson, D. (1986a). The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery and aging. Clinical Gerontologist, 5, 39–61.
Reitan, R. M., Wolfson, D. (1986b). Traumatic brain injury: Vol. I. Pathophysiology and neuro-psychological evaluation. Tucson, AZ: Neuropsychology Press.
Reitan, R. M., Wolfson, D. (1988a). Traumatic brain injury: Vol. II. Recovery and rehabilitation. Tucson, AZ: Neuropsychology Press.
Reitan, R. M., Wolfson, D. (1988b). The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery and REHABIT: A model for integrating evaluation and remediation of cognitive impairment. Cognitive Rehabilitation, 6, 10–17.
Reitan, R. M., Wolfson, D. (1989). The Seashore Rhythm Test and brain functions. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 3, 70–78.
Reitan, R. M., Wolfson, D. (1990). The significance of the Speech Sounds Perception Test for cerebral functions. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 5, 265–272.
Reitan, R. M., Wolfson, D. (1992a). Conventional intelligence measures and neuropsychological concepts of adaptive abilities. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 48, 521–529.
Reitan, R. M., Wolfson, D. (1992b). Neuropsychological evaluation of older children. Tucson, AZ: Neuropsychology Press.
Reitan, R. M., Wolfson, D. (1993). The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery: Theory and clinical interpretation ( 2nd ed. ). Tucson, AZ: Neuropsychology Press.
Reitan, R. M., Wolfson, D. (1994a). Dissociation of motor impairment and higher-level brain deficits in strokes and cerebral neoplasms. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 8, 193–208.
Reitan, R. M., Wolfson, D. (1994b). A selective and critical review of neuropsychological deficits and the frontal lobes. Neuropsychology Review, 4, 161–198.
Reitan, R. M., Wolfson, D. (1995a). Influence of age and education on neuropsychological test results. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 9, 151–158.
Reitan, R. M., Wolfson, D. (1995b). The Category Test and the Trail Making Test as measures of frontal lobe functions. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 9, 50–56.
Ross, B. L., Temkin, N. R., Newell, D., Dikmen, S. S. (1994). Neuropsychological outcome in relationto head injury severity. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 73, 341–347.
Russell, E. W. (1985). Comparison of the TPT ten and six hole formboard. Journal of Clinical Psy-chology, 41, 68–81.
Russell, E. W., Neuringer, C., Goldstein, G. (1970). Assessment of brain damage. New York: Wiley.
Savage, E. P., Keefe, T. J., Mounce, L. M., Heaton, R. K., Lewis, J. A., Burcar, P. J. (1988). Chronic neurological sequelae of acute organophosphate pesticide poisoning. Archives of Environmental Health, 43, 38–45.
Scheibel, R. S., Hannay, H. J., Myers, C. A. (1993, February). The Category Test in patients with lateralized frontal and nonfrontal gliomas. Poster session presented at the meeting of the International Neuropsychological Society, Galveston, TX.
Sena, D. A. (1985). The effectiveness of cognitive retraining for brain impaired individuals. The International Journal of Clinical Psychology, 7, 62.
Sena, D. A. (1986). The effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation for brain-impaired patients. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 8, 142.
Sena, H. M., Sena, D. A. (1986a). The comparison of subject characteristics between treatment and non-treatment patients. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 1, 74.
Sena, H. M., Sena, D. A. (1986b). A quantitative validation of the effectiveness of cognitive retraining. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 1, 74.
Sewell, D. D., Jeste, D. V., Atkinson, J. H., Heaton, R. K., Hesselink, J. R., Wiley, C., Thal, L., Chandler, J. L., Grant, I. (1994). HIV-associated psychosis: A study of 20 cases. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 237–242.
Sheikh, M., Nagdy, S., Townes, B. D., Kennedy, M. C. (1987). The Luria—Nebraska and Halstead—Reitan Neuropsychological Test batteries: A cross-cultural study in English and Arabic. International Journal of Neuroscience, 32 (3–4), 757–764.
Shelly, C., Goldstein, G. (1982). Psychometric relations between the Luria—Nebraska and Halstead—Reitan Neuropsychological batteries in a neuropsychiatrie setting. Clinical Neuro-psychology, 4, 128–133.
Sherer, M., Adams, R. L. (1993). Cross-validation of Reitan and Wolfson’s Neuropsychological Deficit Scales. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 8, 429–435.
Sherer, M., Parsons, O. A., Nixon, S. J., Adams, R. L. (1991). Clinical validation of the Speech-Sounds Perception Test and the Seashore Rhythm Test. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Psychology, 13, 741–751.
Silverstein, M. L., Marengo, J. T., Fogg, L. (1991). Two types of thought disorder and lateralized neuropsychological dysfunction. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 17, 679–687.
Skenazy, J. A., Bigler, E. D. (1985). Psychological adjustment and neuropsychological performance in diabetic patients. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41, 391–396.
Thompson, L. L., Heaton, R. K. (1991). Pattern of performance on the Tactual Performance Test. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 5, 322–328.
Thompson, L. L., Heaton, R. K., Matthews, C. G., Grant, I. (1987). Comparison of preferred and nonpreferred hand performance on four neuropsychological motor tasks. The Clinical Neuro-psychologist, 1, 324–334.
Wechsler, D. (1955). Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. New York: The Psychological Corporation.
Wheeler, L. (1964). Complex behavioral indices weighted by linear discriminant functions for the prediction of cerebral damage. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 19, 907–923.
Wheeler, L., Burke, C. J., Reitan, R. M. (1963). An application of discriminant functions to the problem of predicting brain damage using behavioral variables. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 16, 417–440.
Wheeler, L., Reitan, R. M. (1962). The presence and laterality of brain damage predicted from response to a short Aphasia Screening test. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 16, 681–701.
Wheeler, L., Reitan, R. M. (1963). Discriminant functions applied to the problem of predicting cerebral damage from behavior tests: A cross-validation study. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 16, 681–701.
Wolfson, D., Reitan, R. M. (1995). Cross-validation of the General Neuropsychological Deficit Scale (GNDS). Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 10, 125–131.
Yeudall, L. T., Reddon, J. R., Gill, P. M., Stefanyk, W. O. (1987). Normative data for the Halstead—Reitan neuropsychological tests stratified by age and sex. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43, 346–367.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Reed, J.C., Reed, H.B.C. (1997). The Halstead—Reitan Neuropsychological Battery. In: Goldstein, G., Incagnoli, T.M. (eds) Contemporary Approaches to Neuropsychological Assessment. Critical Issues in Neuropsychology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9820-3_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9820-3_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-9822-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-9820-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive