Abstract
The frontal lobes serve as the “senior executive” of the brain; through the assimilation and fusion of perceptual, volitional, cognitive, and emotional processes, it modulates and shapes character and personality. When damaged, the result can be excessive or diminished cortical and behavioral arousal, disintegration of personality and emotional functioning, difficulty planning or initiating activity, abnormal attention and ability to concentrate, severe apathy or euphoria, disinhibition, and a reduced ability to monitor and control one’s thoughts, speech, and actions. Paralysis of the extremities, severe unilateral neglect of visual—auditory space, or, conversely, compulsive utilization of tools or other objects can occur.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ackerly, S. S. (1935). Instinctive emotional and mental changes following pre-frontal lobe extirpation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 92, 717–727.
Adams, R. D., and Victor, M. (1981). Principles of neurology. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Alexander, M. P., Stuss, D. T., and Benson, D. F. (1979). Capgras syndrome: A reduplicative phenomenon. Neurology (New York), 29, 334–339.
Anand, B. K., Dua, S., and China, G. S. (1958). Higher nervous control over food intake. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 46, 277–287.
Ariel, R. N., Golden, C. J., Berg, R. A., Quaife, M. A., Dirksen, J. W., Forsell, T., Wilson, J., and Graber, B. (1983). Regional blood flow in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 258–263.
Astruc, J. (1971). Corticofugal connections of area 8 (frontal eye field) in Macaca mulatta. Brain Research, 33, 241–256.
Bailey, P., and Sweet, W. H. (1940). Effects on respiration, blood pressure and gastric motility of stimulation of orbital surface of frontal lobes. Journal of Neurophysiology, 3, 276–281.
Baleydier, C., and Maguiere, F. (1980). The duality of the cingulate gyms of the monkey. Brain 103, 525–554. Barbas, H., and Dubrovsky, B. (1981). Excitatory and inhibitory interactions of extraocular and dorsal neck muscle afferents in the cat frontal cortex. Experimental Neurology, 74, 51–66.
Barbas, H., and Mesulam, M. M. (1981). Organization of afferent input to subdivision of area 8 in the rhesus monkey. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 200, 407–431.
Barris, R. W., and Schuman, H. R. (1953). Bilateral anterior cingulate gyms lesions: Syndrome of the anterior cingulate gyri. Neurology (New York), 3, 44–52.
Batuyev, A. S. (1969). The frontal lobes and the processes of synthesis in the brain. Brain Behavior and Evolution, 2, 202–212.
Benson, D. F. (1967). Fluency in aphasis correlation with radioactive scan localization. Cortex, 3, 373–394. Benson, D. F., Gardner, H., and Meadows, J. C. (1976). Reduplicative paramnesia. Neurology (New York), 26, 147–151.
Benson, D. F., and Geschwind, N. (1971). Psychiatric conditions associated with focal lesions of the central nervous system. In S. Arieti and M. Reiser (Eds.), American handbook of psychiatry (Vol. 4, pp. 208–243 ). New York: Basic Books.
Bianchi, L. (1922). The mechanism of the brain and the function of the frontal lobes. Edinburgh: Livingstone.
Blumer, D., and Benson, D. F. (1975). Personality changes with frontal and temporal lesions. In D. F. Benson and
D. Blumer (Eds.), Psychiatric aspects of neurologic disease. Orlando, FL: Grune and Stratton. Blumstein, S. E., Alexander, M. P., Ryalls, J. H., Katz, W., and Dworetzky, B. (1987). On the nature of the foreign accent syndrome: A case study. Brain and Language, 31, 215–244.
Bogousslaysky, J., Ferrazzini, M., Regli, F., Assal, G., Tanabe, H., and Delaloye-Bischof, A. (1988). Manic delirium and frontal-like syndrome with paramedian infarction of the right thalamus. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 51, 116–119.
Bradford, R. (1950). Nursing procedures and problems. In M. Greenblatt, R. Amot, and H. C. Solomon (Eds.), Studies in lobotomy. Orlando, FL: Grune and Stratton.
Brinkman, C. (1981). Lesions in supplementary motor area interfere with a monkey’s performance on a bimanual coordination task. Neuroscience Letters, 27, 267–270.
Brinkman, C., and Porter, R. (1979). Supplementary motor area in the monkey: Activity of neurons during performance of a learned motor task. Journal of Neurophysiology, 42, 681–709.
Brodal, A. (1981). Neurological anatomy. New York: Oxford University Press.
Broffman, M. (1950). The lobotomized patient during the first year at home. In M. Greenblatt, R. Amot, and H. C. Solomon (Eds.), Studies in lobotomy. Orlando, FL: Grune and Stratton.
Brutkowski, S. (1965). Functions of prefrontal cortex in animals. Physiological Review, 45, 721–746. Brutkowski, S., Mishkin, M., and Rosvold, H. E. (1963). Positive and inhibitory motor CRs in monkeys after
ablation of orbital or dorsolateral surface of the frontal cortex. In E. Guttman and P. Hnik (Eds.), Central and peripheral mechanisms of motor functions (pp. 133–141).
Prague: Czechoslovak Academy of Science. Butter, C. M. (1969). Perseveration in extinction and in discrimination reversal tasks following selective frontal ablations in Macaca mulatta. Physiology and Behavior, 4, 163–171.
Butter, C. M., Mishkin, M., and Mirsky, A. F. (1968). Emotional response toward humans in monkeys with selective frontal lesions. Physiology and Behavior, 3, 213–215.
Butter, C. M., Mishkin, M., and Rosvold, H. L. (1963). Conditioning and extinction of food rewarded responses after selective ablations of frontal cortex in the rhesus monkey. Experimental Neurology, 7, 65–75.
Butter, C. M., and Snyder, D. R. (1972). Alterations in aversive and aggressive behaviors following orbital frontal lesions in rhesus monkeys. Acta Neurobiologica Experimentalis, 32, 525–566.
Butter, C. M., Snyder, D. R., and McDonald, J. A. (1970). Effects of orbital frontal lesions on aversive and aggressive behaviors in rhesus monkeys. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 72, 13 2144.
Cavada, C. (1984). Transcortical sensory pathways to the prefrontal cortex with special attention to the olfactory and visual modalities. In F. Reinoso-Suarez and Ajmone-Marsan (Eds.), Cortical integration (pp. 317–328 ). New York: Raven Press.
Chapman, W. P., Livingston, R., and Livingston, K. E. (1950). The effects of lobotomy and of electrical stimulation of the orbital surface of the frontal lobe upon respiration and blood pressure in man. In M. Greenblatt, R. Amot, and H. C. Solomon (Eds.), Studies in lobotomy. Orlando, FL: Grune and Stratton.
Chen, R., and Foster, F. N. (1973). Cursive and gelastic epilepsy. Neurology (New York), 23, 1019–1029.
Chi, C. C. (1970). An experimental silver study of the ascending projections of the central gray substance and adjacent tegmentum in the rat with observation in the cat. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 139, 259–273.
Clark, A. F., and Davison, K. (1987). Mania following head injury. British Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 841–844.
Clemente, C. D., Chase, M. H., Knauss, T. K., Sauerland, E. K., and Sterman, M. B. (1964). Inhibition of a monosynaptic reflex by electrical stimulation of the basal forebrain or the orbital gyms in the cat. Experientia, 22, 844–845.
Cohen, M. R., and Niska, R. W. (1980). Localized right cerebral hemisphere dysfunction and recurrent mania. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 847–848.
Crocket, D., Bilsker, D., Hurwitz, T., and Kozak, J. (1986). Clinical utility of three measures of frontal lobe dysfunction in neuropsychiatric samples. Internal Journal of Neuroscience, 30, 241–248.
Crowne, D. P. (1983). The frontal eye field and attention. Psychological Bulletin, 93, 232–260.
Cummings, J. L., and Mendez, M. F. (1984). Secondary mania with focal cerebrovascular lesions. American Journal of Psychiatry, 41, 1084–1087.
Daly, D., and Moulder, D. (1957). Gelastic epilepsy. Neurology (New York), 7, 26–36.
Damasio, A. R., Damasio, H., and Chui, H. C. (1980). Neglect following damage to frontal lobe or basal ganglia. Neuropsychologia, 18, 123–132.
Damasio, A. R., and Van Hoesen, G. W. (1980). Structure and function of the supplementary motor area. Neurology (New York), 30, 359.
Dax, E. D., Reitman, F., and Radley-Smith, E. (1948). Prefrontal leucotomy. Digest of Neurology and Psychiatry, 16, 533–534.
Delaney, R. C., Rosen, A. J., Mattson, R. H., and Novelly, R. A. (1980). Memory function in focal epilepsy: A
comparison of non-surgical unilateral temporal lobe and frontal lobe samples. Cortex, 16,103–117.
d’Elia, G., and Penis, C. (1974). Cerebral functional dominance and memory functioning. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 155, 143–157.
Delgado, J. M. R., and Livingston, R. B. (1948). Some respiratory, vascular, and thermal responses from stimulation of the orbital surface of frontal lobe. Journal of Neurophysiology, 11, 39–55.
Denny-Brown, D. (1958). The anture of apraxia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 126, 15–56.
Denny-Brown, D. (1966). The cerebral control of movement. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. DeRenzi, E., and Faglíoni, P. (1965). The comparative efficiency of intelligence and vigilance tests detecting hemisphereic damage. Cortex, 1, 410–433.
DeRenzi, E., Pieczuro, A., and Vignolo, L. A. (1966). Oral apraxia and aphasia. Cortex, 2, 56–73. Desmedt, J. E. (1977). Active touch exploration of extrapersonal space elicits specific electrogenesis in the right
cerebral hemisphere of intact right-handed man. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U.S.A 74,4037–4040.
Dimond, S. J. (1976). Depletion of attentional capacity after total commissurotomy in man. Brain, 99, 347356.
Dimond, S. J. (1979). Tactual and auditory vigilance in split-brain man. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 42, 70–74.
Drewe, E. A. (1974). The effect of type and area of brain lesion on Wisconsin Card Sorting Task performance. Cortex, 10, 159–170.
Flor-Henry, P., Yeudall, L. T., Koles, J., and Howarth, B. G. (1979). Neuropsychological and power spectral
EEG investigations of the obsessive-compulsive syndrome. Biological Psychiatry, 14,119–129.
Forrest, D. V. (1982). Bipolar illness after right hemispherectomy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 817–819.
Freeman, W., and Watts, J. W. (1942). Psychosurgery. Springfield: Charles C Thomas.
Freeman, W., and Watts, J. W. (1943). Prefrontal lobotomy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 99, 798–806. French, G. M. (1959). A deficit associated with hypermotility in monkeys with lesions of the dorsolateral frontal granular cortex. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 52, 25–28.
French, J. D. (1964). The frontal lobes and association. In J. M. Warren and K. Akert (Eds.), The frontal granular cortex and behavior (pp. 56–74 ). New York: McGraw-Hill.
French, G. M., and Harlow, H. F. (1955). Locomotorreaction decrement in normal and brain-damaged monkeys. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 48, 496–501.
Fulton, J. F. (1934). Grasping and groping in relation to the syndrome of the premotor area. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 31, 221–235.
Fulton, J. F., Jacobson, C. F., and Kennard, M. A. (1932). A note concerning the relation of the frontal lobes to posture and forced grasping in monkeys. Brain, 55, 524–536.
Fuster, J. M. (1980). The prefrontal cortex. Anatomy, physiology, and neuropsychology of the frontal lobes. New York: Raven Press.
Fuster, J. M., Bauer, R. H., and Jervey, J. P. (1982). Cellular discharge in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of the monkey in cognitive tasks. Experimental Neurology, 77, 679–694.
Gainotti, G. (1972). Emotional behavior and hemispheric side of lesion. Cortex, 8, 41–55. Geschwind, N. (1965). Disconnection syndromes in animals and man. Brain, 88, 237–294, 585–644. Geschwind, N. (1979). Specialization of the human brain. Scientific American, 241, 180–201.
Girgis, M. (1971). The orbital surface of the frontal lobe of the brain. Acta Psychiatrics Scandinavica (Supplement), 22, 1–58.
Glees, P., Cole, J., Whitty, C. W. M., and Cairns, H. (1950). The effects of lesions in the cingulate gyros and adjacent areas in monkeys. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 13, 178–190.
Godschalk, M., Lemon, R. N., Nijis, H. G. T., and Kuypers, H. G. J. M. (1981). Behavior of neurons in monkeys peri-arcuate and precentral cortex before and during visually guided arm and hand movements. Experimental Brain Research, 44, 113–116.
Goldberg, G. (1985). Supplementary motor area structure and function: Review and hypothesis. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 8, 567–616.
Goldberg, G., Meyer, N. H., and Toglia, J. U. (1981). Medial frontal cortex infarction and the alien hand sign. Archives of Neurology, 38, 683–686.
Goldman, P. S. (1971). Functional development of the prefrontal cortex in early life and the problem of neuronal plasticity. Experimental Neurology, 32, 366–387.
Goldman, P. S., Rosvold, H. W., and Mishkin, M. (1970). Evidence for behavioral impairment following prefrontal lobectomy in the infant monkey. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 70, 454–463.
Goldstein, K. (1936–37). The significance of the frontal lobes for mental performance. Journal of Neurology and Psychopothology, 17, 27–40.
Goldstein, K. (1944). The mental changes due to frontal lobe damage. Journal of Psychology, 17, 187–208. Goodglass, H., and Berko, J. (1960). Agrammatism and inflectional morphology in English. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 3, 257–267.
Goodglass, J., and Kaplan, E. (1972). The assessment of aphasia and related disorders. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger.
Goodwin, D. W., and Guze, S. B. (1979). Psychiatric diagnosis. New York: Oxford University Press. Gorelick, P. B., and Ross, E. D. (1987). The aprosodias: Further functional-anatomical evidence for the organization of affective language in the right hemisphere. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 50, 553–560.
Graff-Radford, N. R., Cooper, W. E., Colsher, P. L., and Damasio, A. R. (1986). An unlearned foreign “accent” in a patient with aphasia. Brain and Language, 28, 86–94.
Grafman, J., Vance, S., Weingartner, H., Salazar, A. M., and Amin, D. (1986). The effects of lateralized frontal lesions on mood regulation. Brain, 109, 1127–1148.
Gray, J. A. (1987). The psychology of fear and stress. New York: Oxford University Press. Greenblatt, M. (1950). Studies in lobotomy. Orlando, FL: Grune and Stratton.
Gross, C. G., and Weiskrantz, L. (1964). Some changes in behavior produced by lateral frontal lesions in the macaque. In J. M. Warren and K. Akert (Eds.), The frontal granular cortex and behavior (pp. 74–101 ). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Halstead, W. C. (1947). Brain and intelligence. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Hamilton, M. (1976). Fish’s schizophrenia. Bristrol: John Wright and Sons.
Hassler, R. (1980). Brain mechanisms of intention and attention with introductory remarks on other volitional processes. Progress in Brain Research, 54, 585–614.
Hebben, N. (1986). The role of the frontal and temporal lobes in the phonetic organizations of speech stimuli: A multidimensional scaling analysis. Brain and Language, 19, 342–357.
Hecaen, H. (1964). Mental changes associated with tumors of the frontal lobes. In J. M. Warren and K. Akert (Eds.), The frontal cortex and behavior (pp. 335–352 ). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Hecaen, J., and Albert, M. L. (1978). Human neuropsychology. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Heilman, K. M., and Valenstein, E. (1972). Frontal lobe neglect in man. Neurology (New York), 22, 660664.
Heilman, K. M., and Van Den Abell, T. (1979). Right hemispheric dominance for mediating cerebral activation. Neuropsychologia, 17, 315–321.
Heilman, K. M., and Van Den Abell, T. (1980). Right hemisphere dominance for attention. The mechanism underlying hemispheric asymmetries of inattention (neglect). Neurology (New York), 30, 327–330.
Ingvar, D. H., and Franzen, G. (1974). Abnormalities of cerebral blood-flow distribution in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 50, 425–462.
Ironside, R. (1956). Disorders of laughter due to brain lesions. Brain, 79, 589–609.
Iversen, S. D., and Mishkin, M. (1970). Perseverative interference in monkeys following selective lesions of the inferior prefrontal convexity. Experimental Brain Research, 11, 476–486.
Jack, R. A., Rivers-Bulkley, N. T., and Rabin, P. L. (1983). Seconday mania as a presentation of progressive dialysis encephalopathy. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 171, 193–195.
Jamieson, R. C., and Wells, C. E. (1979). Manic psychosis in a patient with multiple metastic brain tumors. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 40, 280–282.
Jeeves, M. A., and Dixon, N. F. (1970). Hemispheric differences in response rates to visual stimuli. Psychonomic Science, 20, 249–251.
Johnson, T. N., Rosvold, H. E., and Mishkin, M. (1968). Projections of behaviorally defined sectors of the prefrontal cortex to the basal ganglia, septum, and diencephalon of the monkey. Experimental Neurology, 21, 20–34.
Jones, B., and Mishkin, M. (1972). Limbic lesions and the problem of stimulus-reinforcement associations. Experimental Neurology, 36, 362–377.
Jones, E. G., Coulter, J. D., and Hendry, S. H. C. (1978). Intracortical connectivity of architectonic fields in the somatic sensory, motor, and parietal cortex of monkeys. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 181, 29 1348.
Jones, E. G., and Powell, T. P. S. (1970). An anatomical study of converging sensory pathways within the cerebral cortex of the monkey. Brain, 93, 793–820.
Joseph, R. (1982). The neuropsychology of development: Hemispheric laterality, limbic language, and the origin of thought. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 3–33.
Joseph, R. (1986a). Confabulation and delusional denial: Frontal lobe and lateralized influences. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42, 845–860.
Joseph, R. (1988b). Reversal of dominance for language and emotion in a corpus callosotomy patient. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 49, 628–634.
Joseph, R. (1988a). The right cerebral hemisphere: Emotion, music, visual-spatial skills, body-image, dreams and awareness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 630–673.
Joseph, R. (1988b). Dual mental functioning in a “split-brain” patient. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 770–779.
Joseph, R. (1989). The limbic system. Emotion, laterality, unconscious mind. The Psychoanalytic Review, Jurgens, U., and Muller-Preuss, P. (1977). Convergent projections of different limbic vocalization areas in the squirrel monkey. Experimental Brain Research, 29, 75–83.
Kaada, B. R. (1951). Somato-motor, autonomic and electrocorticographic responses to electrical stimulation of “rhinencephalon” and other structures in primates, cat, and dog. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 83, 1285.
Kaada, B. R. (1972). Cingulate, posterior orbital, anterior insular and temporal pole cortex. In J. Field, H. W. Magoun, and V. A. Hall (Eds.), Handbook of Physiology (Vol. II, pp. 1345–1372 ). Washington, D.C.: American Physiological Society.
Kapur, N., and Coughlan, A. K. (1980). Confabulation and frontal lobe dysfunction. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 43, 461–463.
Kennard, M. A. (1939). Alterations in response to visual stimuli following lesions of frontal lobes in monkeys. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 41, 1153–1165.
Kennard, M. A. (1955). Effects of bilateral ablation of cingulate area on behavior in cats. Journal of Neurophysiology, 18, 159–169.
Kennard, M. A., Spencer, S., and Fountain, G. (1941). Hyperactivity in monkeys following lesions of the frontal lobes. Journal of Neurophysiology, 4, 512–522.
Kling, A., and Mass, R. (1974). Alterations of social behavior with neural lesions in nonhuman primates. In B. Holloway (Ed.), Primate aggression, territoriality, and zenophobia (pp. 361–386 ). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Kling, A., and Steklis, H. D. (1976). A neural substrate for affiliative behavior in nonhuman primates. Brain Behavior and Evolution, 13, 216–238.
Knight, R. T., Hillyard, S. A., Woods, D. L., and Neville, H. J. (1981). The effects of frontal cortex lesions on event-related potentials during auditory selective attention. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 52, 571–582.
Knuzle, H., and Akert, K. (1977). Efferent connections of cortical area 8 (frontal eye field). Journal of Comparative Neurology, 173, 147–164.
Kolb, B., Nonneman, A. J., and Singh, R. J. (1974). Double dissociation of spatial impairments and perseveration following selective prefrontal lesions in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 87, 772–780.
Kolb, B., and Whishaw, I. Q. (1983). Performance of schizophrenic patients on tests sensitive to left or right frontal, temporal, or parietal function in neurological patients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 171, 435–443.
Kramer, H. C. (1954). Laughing spells in patients after lobotomy. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 140, 517–522.
Krettek, J. E., and Price, J. L. (1974). A direct input from the amygdala to the thalamus and the cerebral cortex. Brain Research, 67, 169–174.
Kuypers, H. G. J. M. (1958). Corticobulbar connexions to the pons and lower brain stem in man. Brain, 81, 364–388.
Kuypers, H. G. J. M., and Catsman-Berrevoets, C. E. (1984). Frontal corticosubcortical projections and their cells of origin. In F. Reinoso-Suarez and C. Ajmone-Marsan (Eds.), Cortical integration (pp. 171–194 ). New York: Raven Press.
Langworthy, O. R., and Richter, C. P. (1939). Increased activity produced by frontal lobe lesions in cats. American Journal of Physiology, 126, 158–161.
Laplane, D., Degos, J. D., Baulac, M., and Gray, F. (1981). Bilateral infarction of the anterior cingulate gyri and of the fomices. Journal of Neurological Sciences, 51, 289–300.
Laplane, D., Talairach, J., Meininger, V., Bancaud, J., and Orgogozo, J. M. (1977). Clinical consequences of cortisectomies involving the supplementary motor area in man. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 34, 301–314.
Latto, R., and Cowey, A. (1971a). Fixation changes after frontal eye-field lesions in monkeys. Brain Research, 30, 25–36.
Latto, R., and Cowey, A. (1971b). Visual field defect after frontal eye field lesions in monkeys. Brain Research, 30, 1–24.
Leichnetz, G. R., and Astruc, J. (1976). The different projections of the medical prefrontal cortex in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). Brain Research, 109, 455–472.
Lesser, R. P., Lueders, H., Dinner, D. S., Hahn, J., and Cohen, L. (1984). The location of speech and writing function in the frontal language area. Brain, 107, 275–291.
Levin, S. (1984). Frontal lobe dysfunction in schizophrenia. I and II. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 18, 2755, 57–72.
Levine, D. N., and Sweet, E. (1982). The neuropathologic basis of Broca’s aphasia and its implications for the cerebral control of speech. In M. Arbib, D. Caplan, and J. Marshall (Eds.), Neural models of language processes. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Levine, D. N., and Sweet, E. (1983). Localization of lesions in Broca’s motor aphasia. In A. Kertesz (Ed.), Localization in neuropsychology. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Lhermitte, F. (1983). “Utilization behaviour” and its relation to lesions of the frontal lobes. Brain, 106, 237255.
Lineberry, C. G., and Siegel, J. (1971). EEG synchronization, behavioral inhibition, and mesencephalic unit effect produced by stimulation or orbital cortex, basal forebrain and caudate nucleus. Brain Research, 34, 143–161.
Lishman, W. A. (1968). Brain damage in relation to psychiatric disability after head injury. British Journal of Psychiatry, 114, 373–410.
Lishman, W. A. (1973). The psychiatric sequelae of head injury: A review. Psychological Medicine, 3, 304318.
Livingston, R., Chapman, W., and Livingston, K. (1948). Stimulation of orbital surface of man prior to lobotomy. Research publication: The frontal lobes (pp. 421–433 ). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Loiseau, P., Cohandon, F., and Cohandon, S. (1971). Gelastic epilepsy, a review and report of 5 cases. Epilipsia, 12, 313–320.
Luria, A. R. (1980). Higher cortical function in man. New York: Basic Books.
McFie, J. and Thompson, J. A. (1972). Picture arrangement: A measure of frontal lobe function? British Journal of Psychiatry, 121, 547–552.
McNabb, A. W., Carroll, W. M., and Mastaglia, F. L. (1988). “Alien hand” and loss of bimanual coordination after dominant anterior cerebral artery territory infarction. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 51, 218–222.
Meyer, C., MacElhaney, M., Martin, W., and MacGraw, C. P. (1973). Stereotaxic cingulotomy with results of acute stimulation and serial psychological testing. In L. V. Laitinen, and K. E. Livingston (Eds.), Surgical approaches to psychiatry (pp. 38–57 ). Lancaster: Medical Publishing Co.
Mettler, F. A., Spindler, J., Mettler, C. C., and Combs, J. D. (1936). Disturbances in gastrointestinal function after localized ablations of cerebral cortex. Archives of Surgery, 32, 618–620.
Miller, B. L., Cummings, J. L., McIntyre, H., Ebers, G., and Grode, M. (1986). Hypersexuality or altered sexual preferences following brain injury. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 49, 867873.
Miller, L. (in press). Neuropsychology, personality and cognitive style. Toward a general theory. Psychoanalytic Review
Milner, B. (1964). Some effects of frontal lobectomy in man. In J. M. Warren and K. Akert (Eds.), The frontal granular cortex and behavior (pp. 313–334 ). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Milner, B. (1971). Interhemispheric differences in the localization of psychological process in man. British Medical Bulletin, 27, 272–277.
Mishkin, M. (1964). Perseveration of central sets after frontal lesions in monkeys. In J. M. Warren and K. Akert (Eds.), The frontal granular cortex and behavior (pp. 219–241 ). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Mishkin, M., and Pribram, K. H. (1956). Analysis of the effects of frontal lesion in monkeys. II. Variation of delayed response. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 49, 36–40.
Myers, R. E., Swett, C., and Miller, M. (1973). Loss of social group affinity following prefrontal lesions in free-ranging macaques. Brain Research, 64, 257–269.
Nichols, I., and Hunt, J. McV. (1940). A case of partial bilateral frontal lobectomy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 96, 1063–1087.
Novoa, O. P., and Ardila, A. (1987). Linguistic abilities in patients with prefrontal damage. Brain and Language, 30, 206–225.
Ojemann, G. A., and Whitaker, H. A. (1978). Linaguage localization and variability. Brain and Language, 6, 239–260.
Oppler, W. (1950). Manic psychosis in a case of parasagital meningioma. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 47, 417–430.
Orgogozo, J. M., and Larsen, B. (1979). Activation of the supplementary motor area during voluntary movement in man suggest it works as a supramodal motor area. Science, 206, 847–850.
Oscar-Berman, M. (1975). The effects of dorsolateral-frontal and ventrolateral orbitofrontal lesions on spatialdiscrimination learning and delayed response in two modalities. Neuropsychologia, 13, 237–246.
Pandya, D. N., and Kuypers, H. G. J. M. (1969). Corticocortial connections in the rhesus monkey. Brain Research, 13, 13–16.
Pandya, D. N., and Vignolo, L. A. (1971). Infra and interhemispheric projections of the precentral premotor and arcuate areas in the rhesus monkey. Brain Research, 26, 217–233.
Partridge, M. (1950). Pre frontal leucotomy. A survey of 300 cases personally followed over 1 and’/2–3 years. Oxford: Blackwell.
Passingham, R. E. (1981). Broca’s area and the origins of human vocal skills. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (Biology), 292, 167–175.
Pechtel, C., McAvoy, T., Levitt, M., Kloing, A., and Masserman, J. H. (1958). The cingulate and behavior. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 126, 148–152.
Penfield, W., and Jasper, H. (1954). Epilepsy and the functional anatomy of the human brain. Boston: Little-Brown.
Penfield, W., and Rasmussen, T. (1950). The cerebral cortex of man: A clinical study of localization of function. New York: Macmillan.
Penfield, W., and Roberts, L. (1959). Speech and brain mechanisms. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Penfield, W., and Welch, K. (1951). Supplementary motor area of cerebral cortex. Clinical and experimental study. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 66, 289–317.
Perris, C. (1974). Averaged evoked responses (AER) in patients with affective disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 225, 1–107.
Petrides, M., and Milner, N. (1982). Deficits on subject-ordered tasks after frontal temporal lobe lesions in man. Neuropsychologia, 20, 249–262.
Petrie, A. (1952). Personality and the frontal lobes. New York: Blakiston.
Pietro, M. J. S., and Rigdrodsky, M. S. (1986). Patterns of oral-verbal perseveration in adult aphasics. Brain and Language, 29, 1–17.
Porteus, S. D., and Peters, H. N. (1947). Psychosurgery and test validity. Journal of Abnormal (Social) Psychology, 42, 473–488.
Powell, E. W. (1978). The cingulate bridge between allocortex, isocortex, and thalamus. Anatomical Records, 190, 783–794.
Powell, E. W., Akagi, K., and Hatton, J. B. (1974). Subcortical projections of the cingulate gyros in the cat. Journal de Hirnforsch, 15, 269–278.
Pragay, E. B., Mirskey, A. F., and Nakamura, R. K. (1987). Attention-related activity in the frontal association cortex during a go/no-go discrimination task. Experimental Neurology, 96, 841–500.
Pribram, K. H., Ahumada, A., Hartog, J., and Ross, L. A. (1964). A progress report on the neurological processes disturbed by frontal lesions in primates. In J. M. Warrent and K. Akert (Eds.), The frontal granular cortex and behavior (pp. 28–55 ). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Pribram, K. H., Chow, K. L., and Semmes, J. (1953). Limit and organization of the cortical projections from the
medial thalamic nucleus in the monkey.Journal of Comparative Neurology, 98,433–448.
Reitman, F. (1946). Orbital cortex syndrome following leucotomy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 103, 238–241.
Reitman, F. (1947). Observations of personality changes after leucotomy. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 105, 582–589.
Richfield, E. K., Twyman, T., and Berent, S. (1987). Neurological syndrome following bilateral damage to the head of the caudate nuclei. Annals of Neurology, 22, 768–771.
Rinkel, M., Greenblatt, M., Coon, G. P., and Solomon, H. C. (1950). Relations of the frontal lobe to autonomic nervous system in man. In M. Greenblatt, M. Arnot, and H. C. Solomon (Eds.), Studies in lobotomy. Orlando, FL: Grune and Stratton.
Rinkel, M., Solomon, H. C., Rosen, D., and Levine, J. (1950). Lobotomy and urinary bladder. In M. Greenblatt, M. Arnot, and H. C. Solomon (Eds.), Studies in lobotomy. Orlando, FL: Grune and Stratton.
Rizzolatti, G., Scandolara, C., Matelli, M., and Gentillucci, M. (1981a). Afferent properties of periacuate neurons in macaque monkeys. 1, 2. Behavioral Brain Research, 2, 125–146, 147–163.
Rizzolatti, G., Scandolara, C., Gentillucci, M., and Camarda, R., (198 lb). Response properties and behavioral modulation of “mouth” neurons on the post-arcuate cortex (area 6) in macaque monkeys. Brain Research, 225, 421–424.
Robinson, B. W. (1967). Vocalization evoked from forebrain in macaca mulatta. Physiology and Behavior, 2, 345–352.
Robinson, R. G., and Benson, D. F. (1981). Depression in aphasic patients: Frequency severity and clinical-pathological correlations Brain and Language, 14, 282–291.
Robinson, R. G., Kubos, K. L., Starr, L. B., Rao, K., and Price, T. R. (1984). Mood disorders in stroke patients. Brain, 107, 81–93.
Robinson, R. R., and Szetela, B. (1981). Mood change following left hemisphere brain injury. Annals of Neurology, 9, 447–453.
Roland, P. E., Skinhoj, E., Lassen, N. A., and Larsen, B. (1980). Different cortical areas in man in organization of voluntary movements in extrapersonal space. Journal of Neurophysiology, 43, 137–150.
Rose, A. S. (1950). Postoperative behavior. In M. Greenblatt, M. Arnot, and H. C. Solomon (Eds.), Studies in lobotomy. Orlando, FL: Grune and Stratton.
Rosenbaum, A. H., and Berry, M. J. (1975). Positive therapeutic response to lithium in hypomania secondary to organic brain syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry, 132, 1072–1073.
Rosenkilde, C. E. (1979). Functional heterogeneity of the prefrontal cortex in the monkey: A review. Behavioral and Neural Biology, 25, 301–345.
Ross, E. D. (1981). The aprosodias. Functional-anatomic organization of the affective components of language in the right hemisphere. Archives of Neurology, 38, 561–569.
Ross, E. D., and Mesulam, M. M. (1979). Dominant language functions of the right hemisphere? Prosody and emotional gesturing. Archives of Neurology, 36, 144–148.
Rossi, G. F., Brodai, A. (1956). Corticofugal fibers to the brain stem reticular formation. Journal of Anatomy, 90, 42–62.
Rothwell, J. C., Thompson, P. D., Day, B. L., Dick, J. P. R., Kachi, T., Cowan, J. M. A., and Marsden, C. D. (1987). Motor cortex stimulation in intact man. Brain, 110, 1173–1190.
Ruch, T. C., and Shenkin, H. A. (1943). The relationship of area 13 on the orbital surface of the frontal lobes to hyperactivity and hyperphagia. Journal of Neurophysiology, 6, 349–360.
Rylander, G. (1939). Personality changes after operation on the frontal lobes. A clinical study of 32 cases. Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica, 20 ( Suppl. XX ), 3–327.
Rylander, G. (1948). Personality analysis before and after frontal lobotomy. Research Publication of the Association of Nervous and Mental Disease, 27, 691–700.
Samuels, J. A., and Benson, D. F. (1979). Some aspects of language comprehension in anterior aphasia. Brain and Language, 8, 275–286.
Sandson, J., and Albert, M. L. (1987). Perseveration in behavioral neurology. Neurology, (New York), 37, 1736 1741.
Sanides, F. (1972). Representation in cerebral cortex. In G. H. Bourne (Ed.), The structure and function of nervous tissue (Vol. 5, pp. 329–453). Orlando: FL: Academic Press.
Sauerland, E. K., Nakamura, Y., and Clemente, C. D. (1967). The role of the lower brain stem in cortically induced inhibition of somatic reflexes in the cat. Brain Research, 6, 164–180.
Scheibel, M. E., and Scheibel, A. B. (1966). Patterns of organization in specific and nonspecific thalamic fields. In D. P. Papura and M. D. Yahr (Eds.), The thalamus (pp. 13–46). New York: Columbia University Press. Segraves, M. A., and Goldberg, M. E. (1987). Functional\ properties of corticotectal neurons in the monkey’s frontal eye field. Journal of Neurophysiology, 58, 1387–1418.
Shapiro, B. E., Alexander, M. P., Gardner, H., and Mercer, S. (1981). Mechanisms of confabulations. Neurology, (New York), 31, 1070–1076.
Siegel, A., Fukushima, T., Meibach, R., Burke, L., Edinger, H., and Weiner, S. (1977). The origin of the afferent supply to the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus: Enhanced HRP transport by selective lesions. Brain Research, 135, 11–23.
Siegel, J., and Wang, R. Y. (1974). Electroencephalographic, behavioral, and single unit activity produced by
stimulation of forebrain inhibitory structures in cats. Experimental Neurology,42, 28–50.
Sinyour, D., Jacques, P., Kaloupek, D. G., Becker, R., Goldenberg, M., and Coopersmith, H. (1986).
Poststroke depression and lesion location. Brain, 109,537–546.
Skinner, J. E., and Yingling, C. D. (1977). Central gating mechanisms that regulate event related potentials and behavior. In J. Desmedt (Ed.), Attention, voluntary contraction, and event related cerebral potentials (pp. 30–69 ). Basel, S. Karger.
Smith, A. (1966). Intellectual functions in patients with lateralized frontal tumors. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 29, 52–59.
Smith, W. K. (1944). The results of ablation of the cingular region of the cerebral cortex. Federal Proceedings, 3, 42–55.
Spencer, S. S., Spencer, D. D., Williamson, P. D., and Mattson, R. H. (1983). Sexual automatisms in complex partial seizures. Neurology (New York), 33, 527–533.
Squire, L. (1987). Memory and brain. New York: Oxford University Press.
Stamm, J. S., and Rosen, S. C. (1973). The locus and crucial time of implication of prefrontal cortex in the delayed response task. In K. H. Pribram and A. R. Luria (Eds.), Psychophysiology of the frontal lobes (pp. 139–153 ). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Starkstein, S. E., Pearlson, G. E., Boston, J., and Robinson, R. G. (1987). Mania after brain injury. Archives of Neurology, 44, 1069–1073.
Stepien, I., and Stamm, J. S. (1970). Impairments on locomotor tasks involving spatial opposition between cue and reward frontally ablated monkeys. Acta Neurobiologica Experimentalis, 30, 1–12.
Steriade, M. (1964). Development of evoked responses and self-sustained activity within amygdalo-hippocampal circuits. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 16, 221–231.
Stern, K., and Dancey, T. (1942). Glioma of the diencephalon in a manic patient. American Journal of Psychiatry, 98, 716.
Strom-Olsen, J. (1946). Discussion on prefrontal leucotomy with reference to indication and results. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 39, 443–444.
Stuss, D. T., Alexander, M. P., Lieberman, A., and Levine, H. (1978). An extraordinary form of confabulation. Neurology (New York), 28, 1166–1172.
Stuss, D. T., and Benson, F. (1984). Neuropsychological studies of the frontal lobes. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 3–28.
Tanji, J., and Kurata, K. (1982). Comparison of movement-related neurons in two cortical motor areas of primates. Journal of Neurophysiology, 40, 644–653.
Tanji, J., Tanguchi, K., and Saga, T. (1980). Supplementary motor area: Neuronal response to motor instructions. Journal of Neurophysiology, 43, 60–68.
Teuber, H. L. (1964). The riddle of frontal lobe function in man. In J. M. Warren and Akert (Eds.), The frontal granular cortex and behavior (pp. 410–477 ). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Tow, P. M. (1955). Personality changes following frontal leucotomy. New York: Oxford University Press.
Tow, P. M., and Whitty, C. W. M. (1953). Personality changes after operations of the cingulate gyrus in man. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 16, 186–193.
Tramo, M. J., Baynes, K., and Volpe, B. T. (1988). Impaired syntactic comprehension and production in Broca’s aphasia: CT lesion localization and recovery patterns. Neurology (New York), 38, 95–98.
Travis, A. M. (1955). Neurological deficiencies following supplementary motor area lesions in macaca mulatta. Brain, 78, 174–198.
Tucker, D. M. (1981). Lateral brain, function, emotion, and conceptualization. Psychological Bulletin, 89, 1946.
Tucker, D. M Stenslie, C. E., Roth, R. S., and Shearer, S. L. (1981). Right frontal lobe activation and right hemisphere performance: decrement during a depressed mood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38,169174.
Updyke, B V. (1975). The patterns of projection of cortical areas 17, 18, 19, onto the laminae of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 163,377–396.
Van Buren, J. M., and Fedio, P. (1976). Functional representation on the medial aspect of the frontal lobes in man. Journal of Neurosurgery, 44, 275–289.
Van Hoessen, G. E., Pandya, D. N., and Butters, N. (1975). Some connections of the entorhinal (area 28) and perirhinal (area 35) cortices of the rhesus monkey. Brain Research, 95, 25–38.
Victor, M., Adams, R. E., and Collins, G. H. (1971). The Wernicke-Korasakoff syndrome. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis.
Wagman, I. H., Krieger, H. P., Papetheodorou, C. A., and Bender, M. B. (1961). Eye movements elicited by surface and depth electrode stimulation of the frontal lobe of Macaca mulatta. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 117, 179–188.
Wall, P. D., and Davis, G. D. (1951). Three cerebral cortical systems affecting autonomic function. Journal of Neurophysiology, 14, 507–517.
Walker, A. E. (1940). The medial thalamic nucleus: A comparative anatomical, physiological, and clinical study. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 73, 87–115.
Ward, C. D. (1988). Transient feelings of compulsion caused by hemispheric lesions: Three cases. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 51, 266–268.
Watson, R. T., Fleet, S., Gonzalez-Rothi, L., and Heilman, K. M. (1986). Apraxia and the supplementary motor area. Archives of Neurology, 43, 787–792.
Watts, J. W., and Fulton, J. F. (1934). Intussuseption–The relation of the cerebral cortex to intestinal motility in the monkey. New England Journal of Medicine, 210, 883–890.
Weinrich, M., Wise, S. P., and Mauritz, K. H. (1984). A neurophysiological study of the premotor cortex in rhesus monkey. Brain, 107, 385–414.
Welch, K., and Stuteville, P. (1958). Experimental production of unilateral neglect in monkeys. Brain, 81, 34 1347.
Whitlock, D. G., and Nauta, W. J. H (1956). Subcortical projections from the temporal neurocortex in Macaca mulatta. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 106,183–212.
Whitty, C. W., and Lewin, W. (1957). Vivid day dreaming—An unusual form of confusion following anterior cingulectomy. Brain, 80, 72–76.
Whitty, C. W., and Lewin, W. (1960). A Korsakoff syndrome in the post cingulectomy confusional state.Brain, 83, 648–653.
Wilcott, R. C. (1974). Skeletal and autonomic inhibition from low frequency electrical stimulation of the cat’s brain. Neuropsychologia, 12, 487–495.
Wilcott, R. C. (1977). Electrical stimulation in the prefrontal cortex and delayed response in the cat. Neuropsychologia, 15, 115–121.
Wilkins, A. J., Shallice, T., and McCarthy, R. (1987). Frontal lesions and sustained attention. Neuropsychologia, 25, 359–365.
Woolsey, C. N. (1958). Organization of somatic sensory and motor area of the cerebral cortex. In H. F. Harlow and C. N. Woolsey (Eds.), Biological and biochemical bases of behavior (pp. 63–81 ). Madison WI: University of Wiscons in Press.
Wurtz, R. H. Goldberg, M. E., and Robinson, D. L. (1980). Behavioral modulation of visual response in the monkey. In J. M. Sprague and A. N. Epstein (Eds.), Progress in psychobiology and physiological psychology. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Yarcorzynski, G. K., and Davis, L. (1942). Modifications of perceptual responses with unilateral lesions of the frontal lobes. Transactions of the American Neurological Association, 68, 122–130.
Yingling, C. D., and Skinner, J. E. (1977). Gating of thalamic input to cerebral cortex by nucleus reticular is thalami. In J. Desmedt (Ed.), Attention, voluntary contraction and event related cerebral potentials (pp. 70–96 ). Basel: S. Karger.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1990 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Joseph, R. (1990). The Frontal Lobes. In: Neuropsychology, Neuropsychiatry, and Behavioral Neurology. Critical Issues in Neuropsychology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5969-3_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5969-3_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-3211-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-5969-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive