Abstract
Emergencies and disasters, defined as serious disruptions in society’s function, can have wide-ranging public health consequences. Globally, they are increasing in frequency and severity. The adverse health effects of emergencies in high-income and low- and middle-income countries are likely different, but in both settings, marginalized populations are often more affected. When emergencies and disasters occur, effective surveillance is needed. In emergencies, the focus of surveillance is on infectious diseases with epidemic potential and those infectious and non-infectious conditions with the highest risk of morbidity or mortality.
This chapter provides an overview of emergency surveillance. After defining terms and describing the public health consequences of emergencies and disasters, the chapter describes key principles, methods, and means of coordination and communication of emergency surveillance. Finally, the chapter will compare approaches and describe specific examples in low- and middle-income and high-income countries.
Emergency surveillance systems emphasize simplicity, capturing only key conditions/diseases; allow for the addition of new conditions/diseases with high morbidity or mortality in response to changing surveillance needs; and maintain acceptability among partners so participation is high and reporting is complete. Emergency surveillance benefits from a well-characterized and clear data flow structure so that data are collected, reported, and analyzed in a timely fashion. For surveillance information to be valid, training of personnel and frequent monitoring and evaluation are important. Finally, a key attribute of emergency surveillance is that it be useful, resulting in public health action to protect the health of affected populations.
The findings and conclusions in this chapter are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention nor the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
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Boyd, A.T., Kahi, V., Cookson, S.T. (2023). Emergency and Disaster Health Surveillance. In: Ahrens, W., Pigeot, I. (eds) Handbook of Epidemiology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6625-3_61-1
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