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Analytical Methodologies for Neonicotinoid Determination in Bee Products

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Pesticide Toxicology

Part of the book series: Methods in Pharmacology and Toxicology ((MIPT))

Abstract

Neonicotinoids are systemic insecticides of great importance for agriculture due to their powerful activity against pests and insects. However, concerns regarding the side effects on health and the environment of this family of insecticides continue to increase, since these can then be transferred to the environment and the food chain, with potential adverse consequences for nontargeted organisms such as bees. In fact, exposure to neonicotinoids has been identified as one of the factors involved in the sudden decline in the bee population, and for this reason, numerous studies have been published relating to their extraction and determination in bee products (honey, beeswax, bee pollen, royal jelly, nectar, and bee bread). Therefore, the main goal of this chapter is to present an overview of the analytical methodologies generally employed to determine neonicotinoid insecticides and related compounds in bee products during the last 10 years (2010–2020), as this could help to facilitate their assessment. The layout of the chapter is in accordance with the different bee products, indicating and discussing the most common sample treatments and evaluation methods used to determine neonicotinoids in each of them. A list of some of the most relevant applications is provided for each bee product. The references included will provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of and insight into the analysis of neonicotinoid insecticides in bee products.

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Abbreviations

ACN:

Acetonitrile

CIAME:

Cold-induced aggregation microextraction

DAD:

Diode array detector

DCM:

Dichloromethane

DI:

Dilution

DLLME:

Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction

DPX:

Disposable pipette extraction

dSPE:

Dispersive solid-phase extraction

EMR-lipid:

Enhanced matrix removal-lipid

ESI:

Electrospray ionization

EV:

Evaporation

FLD:

Fluorescence detector

GCB:

Graphitized carbon black

HPLC:

High-performance liquid chromatography

IL:

Ionic liquid

IT:

Ion trap

LOD:

Limit of detection

LOQ:

Limit of quantification

MS:

Mass spectrometry

MS/MS:

Tandem mass spectrometry

NEOs:

Neonicotinoids

PDA:

Photodiode array

PSA:

Primary secondary amine

QqQ:

Triple quadrupole

QTOF:

Quadrupole time-of-flight

QTRAP:

Triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer

QuEChERS:

Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe

RI:

Refractive index

SFC:

Supercritical fluid chromatography

SQ:

Single quadrupole

SULLE:

Sugaring-out-assisted liquid–liquid extraction

UHPLC:

Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. IU CINQUIMA, Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain

    Silvia Valverde, Ana M. Ares, María J. Nozal & José Bernal

  2. Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain

    Silvia Valverde

Authors
  1. Silvia Valverde
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  2. Ana M. Ares
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  3. María J. Nozal
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  4. José Bernal
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to José Bernal .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Drug-Toxicology, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal

    Eugenia Gallardo

  2. National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences- South Branch, Lisbon, Portugal

    Mário Barroso

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Valverde, S., Ares, A.M., Nozal, M.J., Bernal, J. (2022). Analytical Methodologies for Neonicotinoid Determination in Bee Products. In: Gallardo, E., Barroso, M. (eds) Pesticide Toxicology. Methods in Pharmacology and Toxicology. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1928-5_4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1928-5_4

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