Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major bacterial cause of clinical infections and foodborne illnesses.
Through the synthesis of a group of Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs), gastroenteritis occurs and the SEs function as superantigens to massively activate T cells. The ability to rapidly detect and quantify SEs is imperative in order to learn the causes of staphylococcal outbreaks and to stop similar outbreaks in the future. Also, the ability to discern active toxin is essential for development of food treatment and processing methods. Here, we discuss the various methodologies for detection and analysis of SEs.
Key words
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Scallan E, Hoekstra RM, Angulo FJ, Tauxe RV, Widdowson MA, Roy SL, Jones JL, Griffin PM (2011) Foodborne illness acquired in the United States--major pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis 17:7–15. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1701.P11101
Hui J, Cao Y, Xiao F, Zhang J, Li H, Hu F (2008) Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin C2 mutants: biological activity assay in vitro. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 35:975–980. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-008-0372-3
Park CE, Akhtar M, Rayman MK (1992) Nonspecific reactions of a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (TECRA) for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins in foods. Appl Environ Microbiol 58:2509–2512
Fujikawa H, Igarashi H (1988) Rapid latex agglutination test for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins A to E that uses high-density latex particles. Appl Environ Microbiol 54:2345–2348
Hu J, Lin L, Chen M, Yan W (2018) Modeling for predicting the time to detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin a in cooked chicken product. Front Microbiol 9:1536. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01536
Rajkovic A, Tomasevic I, De Meulenaer B, Devlieghere F (2017) The effect of pulsed UV light on Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcal enterotoxin a on sliced fermented salami and its chemical quality. Food Control 73:829–837
Bergdoll MS (1988) Monkey feeding test for staphylococcal enterotoxin. Methods Enzymol 165:324–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0076-6879(88)65048-8
Bennett RW (2005) Staphylococcal enterotoxin and its rapid identification in foods by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based methodology. J Food Prot 68:1264–1270. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-68.6.1264
Bergdoll MS, Borja CR, Robbins RN, Weiss KF (1971) Identification of enterotoxin E. Infect Immun 4:593–595
Bavari S, Hunt RE, Ulrich RG (1995) Divergence of human and nonhuman primate lymphocyte responses to bacterial superantigens. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 76:248–254. https://doi.org/10.1006/clin.1995.1123
Hufnagle WO, Tremaine MT, Betley MJ (1991) The carboxyl-terminal region of staphylococcal enterotoxin type A is required for a fully active molecule. Infect Immun 59:2126–2134
Rasooly R, Do PM (2009) In vitro cell-based assay for activity analysis of staphylococcal enterotoxin A in food. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 56:172–178. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2009.00561.x
Rasooly R, Do P, Hernlem BJ (2017) Interleukin 2 secretion by T cells for detection of biologically active staphylococcal enterotoxin type E. J Food Prot:1857–1862. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-17-196
Rasooly R, Do P, He X, Hernlem B (2018) Alternative to animal use for detecting biologically active Staphylococcal enterotoxin type A. Toxins (Basel) 10:540. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10120540
Rasooly R, Hernlem BJ (2014) Quantitative analysis of staphylococcus enterotoxin A by differential expression of IFN-gamma in splenocyte and CD4(+) T-cells. Sensors (Basel) 14:8869–8876. https://doi.org/10.3390/s140508869
Rasooly R, Hernlem B (2012) TNF as biomarker for rapid quantification of active Staphylococcus enterotoxin A in food. Sensors (Basel) 12:5978–5985. https://doi.org/10.3390/s120505978
Rasooly R, Hernlem BJ (2012) CD154 as a potential early molecular biomarker for rapid quantification analysis of active Staphylococcus enterotoxin A. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 64:169–174. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2011.00874.x
Rasooly R, Do P, Hernlem B (2016) Sensitive, rapid, quantitative and in vitro method for the detection of biologically active Staphylococcal enterotoxin type E. Toxins (Basel) 8:150. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins8050150
Rasooly R, Do P, He X, Hernlem B (2017) TCR-Vβ8 as alternative to animal testing for quantifying active SEE. J Environ Anal Toxicol 7:1–6. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0525.1000527
Rasooly R, Do P, He X, Hernlem B (2019) T cell receptor Vbeta9 in method for rapidly quantifying active Staphylococcal enterotoxin type-A without live animals. Toxins (Basel) 11:399. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11070399
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Rasooly, R., Do, P., Hernlem, B. (2022). Ex Vivo and In Vitro Methods for Detection of Bioactive Staphylococcal Enterotoxins. In: Ossandon, M.R., Baker, H., Rasooly, A. (eds) Biomedical Engineering Technologies. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2393. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1803-5_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1803-5_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-0716-1802-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-0716-1803-5
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols